memorial  \"()lt^me. 

CeOLEBPvATION 

OK      IIIK 

TWO   HUNDREDTH   ANNIVERSARY 

OK    TIIK 

REMOVAL  oFTHE  CAPITAL 

OK 

rvlARVLAND 

FROM  SI  MHRTS  TO  RMRFOLIS, 

Kditki)   i;v   El.inr   S.   IMLKV, 

In<li-i-  Mi<"  Aiithuiity  .it  tin-  Mouse  r.t    Di'lc^ati-s  nl'  Marylaii'l. 

of    lMil4. 


AXNAI'()I,IS: 
K  I  X  ( ;      I !  in )  S  .  ,     S  T  \  r  K  ■    I'  II  I  N  T  K  H 
1894. 


F 


PREFACE. 


This  volnine  is  not  onlj  the  memorial  of  the  celebra- 
tion of  the  two  hundredth  anniversary  of  the  removal  of 
the  Capital  from  St.  Mary's  to  Annapolis,  but  it  is  the 
natnral  outgrowth  of  those  interesting  and  profitable 
cei'emonies.  It  was  the  expressed  thought,  almost  from 
the  moment  the  attention  of  the  General  Assembly  was 
called  to  the  subject  of  the  celebration,  that  the  papers, 
written  for  the  occasion,  should  be  preserved  in  a  sub- 
stantial form.  In  this,  the  Maryland  Legislature  of  1894 
expurgates  itself  from  the  standing  indictment  that 
Afarylanders,  with  a  ])roud  and  nol)le  history,  have  been 
culpably  indifferent  to  preserving  the  records  of  it,  and 
in  transmitting  to  posterity,  unimpaired,  these  sources  of 
wisdom  and  inspiration  to  heroic  deeds  and  righteous 
government. 

By  the  accidents  of  legislation,  the  work  of  inaugurat- 
ing and  consummating,  on  the  part  of  the  (ienerai 
Assembly,  fell  chiefly  to  the  House  of  Delegates.  From 
tiie  inception  of  the  movement  to  the  close  of  the  pr(»- 
eeedings,  the  city  of  Annapolis  and  St.  .John's  College 
had  the  intelli'fent  and  cordial  assistance  of  Thomas  S. 


llii83S3 


iv  I'kkiack. 

I'.  \KK.  K>(|..  (1i;iinii;m  of  the  House  Committee  on 
Public  Records,  to  wliich  committee  the  House  liad  dele- 
iriited  its  part  of  the  \\ork  of  preparation.  The  cliair- 
man  was  seconded,  in  absohite  unanimity,  by  every 
member  of  the  committee,  in  each  portion  of  the  pro- 
gramme. It  is  nu  invidious  distinction,  on  tlie  part  of  the 
editor  of  this  volume,  to  say  that,  if  the  incidental  data 
and  historical  papers  of  this  work  are  worth  preservino;, 
then  the  State  is  indebted  particularly  to  the  enthusiastic 
and  intelligent  encouragement  that  Messrs.  A.  Fredkrick 
(teokuk  and  Tilghma.n  J.  Fahrnkv.  members  of  the 
House  Committee  on  Public  Kecords,  gave  to  the  compiler, 
in  the  initiatory,  steps  to  bring,  to  the  attention  of  the 
House,  the  propriety  of  printing  a  memorial  of  the 
celebration. 

J.  IlKMsr.KY  .loHNsox,  Esq.,  of  the  same  committee, 
mover  of  the  resolution  to  print,  was  one  of  the  earliest 
advocates  of  the  memorial  volume,  and  the  unanimity  of 
the  House  upon  the  subject  was  a  compliment  to  the 
patriotic  grasp  which  the  author  of  the  order  had  on  the 
yital  subject  of  the  preservation,  and  diffusion  of  our 
records  to  the  peoj)le  of  the  State. 

The  neat  typography'  entirely,  and,  in  many  cases,  the 
artistic  arrangement  of  the  subjects  in  book  form,  is  due 
to  the  skill  and  quick  perceptions  of  the  competent  State 
Printers,  Messrs.  J\ixg  Bros.,  of  Baltimoi-e. 


PRKFACE.  V 

Ma}'  the  facts  here  gathered  inspire  all  Marylanders 
with  a  deeper  love  and  better  work  for  our  own  Com- 
uionwealth,  and  may  other  States  of  onr  most  glorious 
Union  catch,  as  in  the  past,  inspiration  from  the  history 
of  a  colony  which  wrought  for  God  and  man  alike. 

ElIHU    S.    lilLEV. 
Annapolis,  ^[arch   19,   1894. 


COXTEMTS. 

PAGK 

^larylaud  Legislature  of  1694.  . . 1 

Maryland  Legislature  of  1894 :i 

Inauguration  of  the  Celebration 11 

Commissioners  of  Annapolis  in  1694 20 

Corporation  of  Annapolis  in  1894. . . '20 

OtHcers  of  the  City  of  Annapolis,  1894 21 

Committees  of  Arrangement,  1894 22 

Meeting  of  Citizens  of  Annapolis  2;{ 

Invitation  of  Citizens'  Meeting 26 

Card  to  Citizens.   27 

Official  Program 27 

The  Day yo 

The  Street  Parade 31 

Masquerade,  lUumiuatiou  and  Ball 85 

On  the  part  of  St.  John's  College :^6 

On  the   part  of   the   City  of  Annapolis   and   State  of   Mary- 
land        m 

King  William's  School 40 

Board  of  Visitors  and  Governors  of  St.  .John's  College 4;! 

Tlie  Faculty  of  St.  John's  College 44 

Prayer  of  Rev.  H.  H.  Clarke 45 

Address  by  Gen.  H.  Kyd  Douglas 47 

Address  by  James  W .  Thomas 63 

Prayer  by  Kev.  W.  S.  Southgate •.    ...    S4 

Remarks  by  Thomas  S.  Baor S6 

Address  by  Elihu  S.  Riley sj) 

Address  by  .\lfrcd  P.  Dennis IIS 

Letters 116 

Annapolis  in  1694 \'>[t 

Annapolis  in  1894 1(;r> 

Notes,  Incidents,  Thanks 16K 


MARYLAND    LEGISLATURE   OF    1694, 


AT      ANNAPOLIS 


THE  GOVERNOR    AND   COUNCIL. 


UPPER   HOUSE. 


FRANCIS   NICHOLSON,  Governor. 


Col.  NICHOLAS  GREENBERRY, 
Col.  GEORGE  ROBOTHAM, 
EDWARD   RANDOLPH, 
Col.  JOHN  ADDISON. 
JAMES  FRISBY, 
THOMAS  BROOKE, 

Councillors. 


HOUSE   OF   BURGESSES,   OR   LOWER   HOUSE. 


Foil  TFiK  CiTv  OF  St.  Mary's. 
Catt.  THOS.  WANGIIOP. 

For  St.  Mary's  County. 
Mr.  KENP]r.M  ClIISELYDINE,      Mr.  ROBERT  MASON, 
Mr.  PHILIP  CLARKE.  Cai-t.  .IOHN  BAYNE. 

For  Kknt  County. 
Coll.  HANS   HANSON,  Mr.  JOHN  IIINSON, 

Mb.  WILLIAM   FRISBY,  Mk.  THOMAS  SMITH. 


8  Memorial    Vuldme. 

MMt\i  \M>    I.i:i;isi,ATi'KK  »ii-    U!'.>4 — Contiuuec/. 

Foi;   (  Ai.vKU'i    CurNTY. 
Mk.  (;K()ii(;K    I.OUGHAM.  Mk.  'I'lloMAS   TASKKU. 

FoK  Ann    Aiundki,  (\)1'nty. 
Cm't.  .KMIN    IIAMMOX!),  Mk.  .IOON  SANDEKS, 

MA.t.   hDWAiU)    noHSEY. 

Von  Chahlkk  County. 

Mu.   in.    HAWKINS,  Coi>L.  JAS.  SMALl.VVOOl), 

Cot.   WILLIAM  DENT. 

FoK    BAl/miORK    C^UUJSTY. 

ilR.   EDWARD   HROOKBY,  Mr.  FRANCIS   AV ATKINS, 

Mr.  JOHN   FERRY. 

For  Tai,bot  County. 

Mr.  ROBERT  SMITH,  Col.  HENRY  COUR3EY, 

Mr.  THOMAS  SMTTHSON. 

For  DoRfUKSTER  County. 
Mh.  .JOHN   POLLARD,  Mr.  THOMAS    HICKS, 

Mr.  THOMAS   ENNALS. 

For  CEcri,  ('ou.nty. 
Coi,.  CASFERIS  A.   HERMAN,       Coll.  W  ILLIA  .M  FKEK(!K. 


i<iX.. 


1894- 


GOVERNOR : 

HON.    FRANK    BROWN. 

SECRETARY    OF   STATE: 

HON.    WILLIAM    T.    BRANTLY. 
LIST  OF   MEMBERS  AND  OFFICERS 

OK     THF, 

General  Assembly  of  Maryland. 

January    Session,    1894. 

SENATORS. 

At>i,k()any    County. 

James  M.  Sloan Merchant I^onaconinf^. 

Annk   Akundki.   County. 
liohert  Moss   Kd.  and  Lawyer..  .Annapolis. 

HaI/I  IMOIM-,     CODNTY. 

.John    liiihner i*>uil(l(:r ('at.onsvillp.. 

Hai.timokk    City. 
Firitt    IHxtrict. 
(!harl(!sil.    Kvans...      ....  Printer  and   I'lih.  .  1710  K.  Chfisc. 

Second    Diatrict. 

Wni.  Cattell  Hrnrc Lawyer K((uital)l(;   Huildinp. 

Third   DiKtrict. 
'I'lioiiiiis  (!.  Hayes I^awyc-r Kquilal)li'    Miiildinj; 


4  Memorial  Volume. 

Makyi.anm)   Lkc.isi.atiiuk  of  1894 — Continued. 

Calvekt   County. 
Thomas  Parnui Farmer St.  Leonard's. 

Cahomnk    County. 
Thomas  A.  Smith Farmer Ridgely. 

Cakkoll    County. 

Pinkney  J.  Bennett   Farmer Westminster. 

Cecil  County. 
Charles  C.  Ci-others Lawyer Elkton. 

Ciiaklks    County. 

Lewis  C.  Carrico Farmer  and  Phys..nughesville 

Dokchestkr    County 
Joseph  H.  Johnson Lawyer Cambridge. 

Fredeuick    County. 
Jacob  M.  Newman Merchant Frederick. 

Gakkktt  County. 
Robert  A.  Ravenscroft. . .  Physician Accident. 

Harfoku    County. 

William  S.  Baker Fruit  Packer Aberdeen. 

Howard    County. 

John  (jr.  Rogers Lawyer Ellicott  City. 

Kent   County. 

Wm.  T.  Ilepbron Farmer Kennedyville. 

Montgomery    County. 

Hattersly  W.  Talbott Lawyer Rockville. 

Prince  George's  County. 
William  D.  Bowie Farmer Collington. 

Queen   Anne's    County. 
Woodland  P.  F'inley Farmer Church  Hill. 


Removai.  of   State  Capital. 

Marlyand  Legislature  op  1894 — Continued. 

St.   Mary's  County. 

Washington  Wilkinson Merchant Holly  Wood. 

Somerset   County. 
Levin  L.  Waters Lawyer Princess  Anno. 

Talbot    County. 
Oswald  Tilghman Lawyer Easton. 

Washington    County. 
David  Seibert Farmer       Clear  Spring. 

Wicomico    County. 

E.  Stanley  Toadvin Lawyei Salisbury. 

Worcester   County. 
John  Walter  Smith ]  Smbe^Maa?"'  [  «--  "'"• 

OFFICERS    OF    THE   SENATE. 


JOHN   WALTER  SMITH,    -     -     President. 

James  Roger  McSherry,  Frank  Shipley, 

Secretary.  Journal  Clerk. 

WiLLiA.M  I.  Hill,  Wm.  H.  Riciiakohon, 

Reading  Clerk.  '      Sergeant-at-Arma. 

HOUSK     OK     DELKGAXES. 


Allegany  C'ounty. 

.Jos.  JJ.  Stottlemcyer Farmer Little  Orleans. 

William  Sleeman Miner Vale  Summit. 

John  \\.  Shuck I'ainter Cumberland. 

Hugh  McMillan Miner .Frostburg. 

John  H.    .Tones R.  R.  Kinployec. . .  Wcsternport. 


6  Mkmoriai-   Volume. 

MvuYi.AND   I.Kc.iSLA'ri'iCK  OK  1894 — Continued. 
Annk  Akcndki,  County. 

.lames  Ji.  liiiishcars Lawyer Annapolis. 

Geo.  M.  Murray Pack,  and  Truck.  .Odenton. 

Chas.  F.  Sappington Farmer Welham's  X  l{oad». 

Geo.  W.   Hyde Farmer Galloway. 

fiAi.TfMOUK  City. 
First  Legislative  District. 

Geo.  E.  Keeuan Attorney-at-Law.  .815  Law  Building. 

Edward  1).  Fitzgerald Attorney-at-Law.  .Daily  Record  Bldg. 

Joseph  W.  Ila/ell .  Attorney-at-Law.  .218  Courtland  st. 

Geo.  A.  Vernetson Merchant 138  Aisquith. 

W.  n.  B.  Fusselbaugh,  of  J.Merchant 423  N.  Gay. 

Samuel  K.  Atkinson 18  N.  Chester. 

Se/^ond  Ijtgislative  Dintrict. 

Thomas  S.  Baer Lawyer 308  Courtland. 

Charles  H.  Carter Lawyer Lex'n  and  Charles. 

Archibald  Fl.  Taylor I.,awyer 104  E.  Lexington. 

Charles  W.  Field Lawyer \  Farmers'  and Mer- 

/  ■'  I      chants   Bldg. 

John  Uemsley  Johnson Lawyer 386  Courtland. 

Jas.  IJ .   I'reston,  Speaker. . .  Lawyer 220  fit.  Paul. 

Third  Ijegidative  DiHtrir.t. 

Dan'l  W.  Stubbs Carpenter Ill  Hanover. 

Henry   Hasenkamp Merchant 623  W.  Lee. 

Joseph  P.  McGonigle Manufacturer 204  E.  Randall. 

Philip  Singleton Merchant 1201  Ridgely. 

W.  I).  Robinson Lawyer 839  N.  Fremont. 

John  F.  Williams • Lawyer 34  Lexington. 


Removal  of   State   Capital  7 

Maryland  Legislature  of  1894 — Continued. 

Baltimore  County. 

James  B.  Councilman Farmer Mt.  Wilson. 

John  C.  Bosley. .    Farmer Shawan. 

Frederick  S.  Myerly School  teacher. . .  .Black  Rock. 

Osborne  I.  Yellott Lawyer Towsou. 

George  S.  Keiffer Book-keeper Mt.  Winans. 

Thomas  G.  Carter Farmer Gardenville. 

Calvert  County. 
William  H .  Dowell Farmer Sheridan's  Point. 

w  11        /^    •                         v^  i  1138    N.    Fulton 

Wallace  Owinga t  armer j      ^^^^  ^^^^^ 

Caroline  County. 

Henry  11.  Lewis Lawyer Denton. 

Albert  W.  Sisk Broker Preston. 

Carroll  County. 

Johnzie  E.  Beasman Farm,  and  Dairy.  .Sykesville. 

Benjamin  F.  Selby Farmer Watersville. 

John  W.  Biggs Farmer 

Noah  Sullivan Farmer    Manchester. 

Ceofl  County. 

Geo.  S.  Woolley Chesai)cake  City. 

Frank  11.  Mackic Physician Fair  Hill. 

Richard   li.  Thomas Merchant ....    ....  Northeast. 

('haklkh  County. 

James  A.  Franklin (!ivil  Engineer. ..  .Pisgali. 

John  E.Stone Lawyer La  Plata. 


8  Memorial    Voi.umk. 

Mahylani)  liKoisLATUUK  OK  1894 — Continued. 

Dorchester  County. 

Francis  P.  Phelps Fruit  grower Mt.  Holly. 

Wm.  F.  Applegarth Merchant Golden  Hill. 

Levi  D.  Travers Banker Cambridge. 

Frederick  County. 

MeMn  P.  Wood Merchant IMew  Market. 

John  R.  Rouzer Farmer Thurraont. 

James  P.  Perry Frederick. 

Andrew  A.  Annan Farmer.   Emmittsburg. 

Geo.  \V.  Crum,  Jr Farmer Lander. 

Garrett  County. 

A.  Frederick  George Carp,  and  Builder.Swanton. 

J.  George  Kolb {  ^^ev  Mfgr^."^."  [  Friendsville. 

Harford  County. 

Samuel  S.  Bevard Farmer Emmerton. 

Harold  Scarboro Lawyer Belair. 

Thomas  B.  Hayward  Physician Clairmount  Mills. 

John  O.  Stearns Farmer Whiteford. 

Howard  County. 

Louis  P.  Haslup Manufacturer Annapolis  Junct. 

Humphrey  D.  Wolfe Farmer Glenwood. 

Kent  County. 

Enoch  G.  Clark .Phys.  and  Farm. .   Milliugton. 

Thomas  R.  Strong Farmer Eadsville. 


Removal   of   State  Capital. 

Maryland  Legislatuke  of  1894 — Continued. 

Montgomery   County. 

Elisha  C.  Etchison Physician Gaitliersburg. 

Wm.  H.  Lamar Lawyer Rockville. 

Robert  M.  Mackall Farmer Olney. 

Prince  George's  County. 

George  M.  Smith Farm,  and  Merch  .Bowie. 

Joseph  S.  Wilson Attorney-at-Law.  .Upper  Marlboro. 

Dent  Downing Teacher Aquasco. 

Queen  Anne's  County. 

Wm.  Henry  Legg Real  Estate  Agt..   Centreville. 

John  O.  Phillips Justice  of  Peace.  .Chester. 

Charles  W.  Clements Merchant Crumpton. 

St.  Mary's  County. 

Wm.  F.  Chesley Farmer (»harlottc  Hall. 

Jolin  S.  Jones Farmer Jarboesville. 

Somerset  County. 

Oliver  P.  Byrd Oyster  Dealer.   . .   Crisfield. 

Wm.  A.  Tull Merchant Marion. 

Philetus  N.  ('annon Merchant Monic. 

Talijot  County. 

Ormond  Han.mond j  Farmer  and  Gen-  [  j^^      j  ^^ 

{      era!  Agent.. . .  \       •' 

William  Collins.    Farmer La  Trappo. 

Francis  G.  Wrightson Farmer Sherwood. 


10  Mkmouiai.    Vomimk. 

MAitYi.AND  I.KOisi.ATtiUK  OK  1894 — Continued. 

Washington  County. 

Norman  li.  Scott,  .J  r Lawyer Hagerstown. 

John  II.  Harp Farmer Chewsville. 

Tilghman  J.  Fahrney Merchant Downsville. 

Jeremiah  H.  Cromer Farmer Hagerstown. 

Wicomico  County. 

Thomab  8.  Roberts Farmer Capitola. 

Albert  W.  Robinson Manufacturer Sharptown. 

Ebenczer  (4.  Davis Merchant New  Hope. 

W'oKCESTKii  County. 

Lloyd  Wilkinson..    Lawyer Pocomoke  City, 

Jerome  T.  I  layman Farm,  and  Merch  Eden. 

Peter  Whaley Merchant Whaleyville. 


OFKICERS. 


JAMES    H.   PRESTON,     -     -     Spmker. 

Benjamtn   L.  Smith,  \Vii>t,iam  S.  Mekkick, 

Chief  Clerk.  Journal  Clerk. 

Waltkk  R.  Townsend,  Joskimi  T.  C.  Kenly, 

Reading  Clerk.  Sergeant-at-Arvts, 

John   R.  Sui-livan,  Chief  Janitor,  -         -         Annapolis,  Md. 

John  S.  Kelly,  Chief  Doorkeeper,       -        -       -       Baltimore  City. 

Kino  Rkothers,  Baltimore,  Md.,  fitate  Printers. 


TtiE  InauDuration  of  tfie  Celetiratlon- 


ON  the  12th  of  October,  1893,  at  a  regular  session 
of  the  City  Council  of  Annapolis,  City  Counsellor 
Elihu  S.  Ililey  offered  the  following  preamble  and 
resolution : 

WnKKEAK,  The  two  hundredth  anniversary  of  the  removal  of 
the  Capital  of  the  State  to  Annapolis  will  occur  on  March  12th. 
1894; 

Resolved,  That  the  Mayor  appoint  a  committee  of  three,  of 
which  he  shall  be  chainnan,  to  take  such  steps  as  will  properly 
celebrate  this  important  historic  event,  and  that  the  IjCgislature 
be  requested  to  join  iu  appropriately  noticing  an  occurrence  that 
marked  such  signal  changes  in  the  political  and  commercial 
history  of  the  State. 

The  preamble  and  nssolution  were  unanimously  adopted, 
and  the  following  committee,  in  accordance  therewith, 
was  appointed:  Mayor  John  II.  Thomas,  (chairman.  City 
Counsellor  Hiilin  S.  liiloy.  aiirl  Alderman  ('harlcs  (}. 
Feldmeyer. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  committee,  it  was  resolved  that  the 
Legislature  of  1^94,  January  Session,  be  recpiested  to  par- 
ticipate in  the  celebration,  and  to  appoint  an  orator  to 


12  Mkmokiai.    V'ulumk. 

•deliver  an  address  on  tlu;  occasion  of  the  celebration.  It 
was  fnrtlicr  resolved  that  Elihu  S.  Riley  be  appointed  to 
act  as  historiographer  of  the  Ilenioval ;  Charles  G.  Feld- 
niejcr  be  made  nuisical  director  of  the  program  of  cele- 
bration ;  Frank  B.  Mayer,  superintendent  of  a  histrionic 
pageant  to  represent  the  event. 

It  was  subsequently  resolved  to  invite  St.  John's  Col- 
lege to  participate  in  the  event,  since  the  initiatory  legis- 
lation to  establish  KJng  William's  School,  the  progenitor 
of  St.  John's  (Jollege,  was  begun  in  1694.  the  year  the 
capital  was  removed  to  Annapolis. 

The  College  and  the  gentlemen  assigned  to  their  sev- 
eral parts  in  the  program  of  exercises,  severally  accepted 
the  positions  and  parts  allotted  to  them. 

On  January  9th,  1894,  the  committee  of  the  City 
Council  of  Annapolis,  through  Delegate  James  R.  Bra- 
Bhuars  of  Anne  Arundel  county,  submitted  the  following 
petition  : 

Annapolis,  January  9th,  1894. 
To  the  Honorable  Speaker,  President  of  the  Senate 

and  Members  of  the  General  Assembly  : 

Your  memorialists  respectfully  represent  that  they  have  been 
appointed  a  committee  of  the  City  Council  of  Annapolis,  to 
provide  for  the  proper  celebration  of  the  two  hundredth  anni- 
versary of  the  removal  of  the  Capital  from  St.  Mary's  to 
Annapolis,  which  occurs  March  5th,  1894;  that  the  said  City 
Council   also  requested  in  its  resolution  that  the  Legislature  of 


Kemoval  of  State  CAPtTAi,.  IS 

the  State  take  part  in  said  ceremonies ;  that  the  said  committee 
of  the  City  Council  lias  selected  Frank  B.  Mayer  to  formulate  and 
take  charge  of  a  histrionic  pageant  suitable  to  the  occasion ;  that 
it  has  chosen  Elihu  S.  lliley,  as  the  historiographer  of  said  event, 
and  has  appointed  Charles  G.  Feldmeyer  to  direct  the  musical  part 
of  the  ceremonies;  that  the  said  committee  has  invited  the 
authorities  of  the  St.  John's  College  to  be  represented,  by  reason 
of  the  inauguration  in  lGi)4,  of  its  progenitor,  King  William's- 
School,  in  the  celebration,  and  the  said  committee  respectfully 
requests  that  the  General  Assembly  will  select  an  orator  to  repre- 
Bent  said  body  on  so  memorable  an  occasion. 
Very  respectfully  submitted, 

JOUN    II.   TnOMAS, 

Mayor. 
Elihu  S.  Riley, 
Char.  G.  Feldmeyer. 

This  invitation  was  referred  to  the  Committee  on 
Public  Kecords,  consisting  of  the  following  members  : 

ME88K8.  Thomas  S.  Baku,  of  Baltimore  City. 

Jameb  R.  Bka8HEAR8,  of  Anne  Arundel  County. 
Harold  Scarbouo,  of  Harford  County. 
Norman  B  Scott,  Jr.,  of  Washington  County. 
Gkorok  E.  Keen  an,  of  Jialtimorc  City. 
John  O.  Phillips,  of  Queen  Anne's  County. 
TiLGH.MAN  J.  Fahrney,  of  Washington  County. 
A.  Frederick  (Jeoroe,  of  Garrett  County. 
Joii.N  Hkmslky  JoifNKON,  of  Baltimore  City. 

The  committee,  on  tlie  IStli  of  January,  met,  by 
appointment,  the  committee  of  the  City  Council,  repre- 
sented by  Klihu   S.  Riley  and  (MiarlcK  (J.  I'eldmeyer,  and 


14  MkMoKIAI      V()l,l'Ml£. 

the  committee  on  tlie  part  of  8t.  .John's  College,  repre- 
sented by  J)r.  Thomas  Fell,  president  of  St.  John's  Col- 
lege. Mr.  Riley  presented  the  proposed  celebration  on 
the  part  of  the  city  of  Annapolis,  and  Dr.  Thomas  Fell, 
for  St.  John's  College.  The  committee  of  the  House, 
after  the  retirement  of  the  gentlemen  from  Annapolis 
city  and  St.  John's  College,  had  a  meeting,  and  nnani- 
mously  resolved  to  accept  the  invitation  given  to  the 
Legislature,  and  further  resolved  to  send  the  subjoined 
message  by  the  House  of  Delegates  to  the  Senate, 
which  was  done  that  day.     Mr.  Baer  offered  the  message. 

By  tiik  Housk  of  DeIjP:gatks, 

January  18th,  1894. 
Oentlemen  of  the  Senate  : 

We  have  received  from  John  H.  Thomas,  Mayor  of  Annapolis, 
and  others,  a  memorial,  requesting  the  General  Assembly  to 
participate  in  a  proposed  celebration  on  March  5th,  1894,  of  the 
two  hundredth  anniversary  of  the  removal  of  the  Capital  of  the 
State  from  St.  Mary's  to  Annapolis,  by  the  selection  of  an  orator 
to  represent  the  General  Assembly  on  that  occasion,  which 
memorial  has  been  referred  to  the  Committee  on  Public  Records, 
and  is  annexed  to  this  message.  We  request  the  Senate  to  refer 
the  matter  to  a  committee  to  co-operate  with  the  said  committee 
of  the  House  of  Delegates  in  the  consideration  of  said  memorial. 

By  order, 

B.  Jj.  Smith, 

Chief  Clerk. 
Which  was  adopted  by  the  House. 


Removal   of   State   Caimtai..  15 

The  Senate  responded  with  the  following  message, 
offered  by  Mr.  Hayes: 

By  Thk  Sknatk, 

January  22d,  1894. 
Gentlemen  of  the  Uoune  of  Delegates : 

We  have  received  your  message,  with  memorial  attached, 
requesting  the  General  Assembly  to  participate  in  a  proposed 
celebration  on  March  5th,  1894,  of  the  two  hundredth  anniversary 
of  its  removal  of  the  Capital  of  the  State  from  St.  Mary's  to 
Annapolis,  by  the  selection  of  an  orator  to  represent  the  General 
Assembly  on  that  occasion,  and  we  concur  therein.  The  Senate 
has  appointed  Messrs.  Hayes,  Tilghman,  Parran,  Wilkinson  and 
Moss  to  act  jointly  with  your  Committee  of  Public  llecords. 
By  order, 

.1.    KodKU   McSllKHUY, 

Secretary. 

Subsequently,  tiie  two  committees,  thus  appointed,  met 
in  joint  session,  and  unanimously  agreed  to  invite  Prof. 
Alfred  Pearco  Dennis,  of  Princeton  College,  a  native  of 
Worcester  county,  Maryland,  to  make  the  address  on  the 
part  of  the  House.     This  invitation  was  duly  accepted. 

The  cf^nmittee,  on  the  part  of  the  City  Council  of 
Annapolis,  also  asked  James  W.  Tiiomas,  Esq.,  of  Cum- 
berland, wJio  had  devoted  considerable  time  to  the 
subject,  to  read  a  paper  on  "St.  Mary's  ('ity."  This  invi- 
tation Mr.  Thomas  accepted. 

Adj.-General  II.  Kyd  Douglas  was  invited  by  tho 
committee  on  the  part  of  St.  John's  College  to  represent 


IC  Memorial   Volumk. 

that  institntioii  in  the  celebration.  This  invitation  was 
accepted.  Mr.  Thomas  was  assigned  by  the  committee 
of  the  City  Council  to  read  his  paper  in  St.  John's 
College  part  of  the  program. 

In  the  House  of  Delegates,  Tuesday,  February  27,  on 
motion  of  Mr.  Baer,  it  was — 

Ordered,  That  the  use  of  the  hall  of  the  House  of  Delegates,  on 
the  evening  of  Monday,  March  5th,  be  granted  to  the  Mayor  and 
City  Council  of  Annapolis,  for  the  celebration  of  the  two 
hundredth  anniversary  of  the  removal  of  the  Capital  of  the  State 
from  St.  Mary's  to  Annapolis. 

In   the   House  of  Delegates,  Thursday,  March   1st,  on 
motion  of  Mr.  Baer,  it  was — 

Ordered,  That  the  Superintendent  of  Public  Buildings  be 
directed  to  remove  the  desks  from  the  hall  of  the  House  of  Dele- 
gates on  the  evening  of  the  5th  of  March,  and  return  the  same  to 
their  places  by  10  a.  m.,  of  the  following  morning,  and  that  the 
floor  and  the  arrangement  of  the  seats  upon  the  occasion,  be  under 
the  control  of  the  Speaker  of  the  House,  the  President  of  the 
Senate  and  the  Joint  and  Special  Committees  of  the  two  Houses, 
on  the  celebration  of  the  two  hundredth  anniversary  of  the 
removal  of  the  capital. 

Mr.  Johnson  submitted  the  following  order : 

Ordered,  That  the  Committee  on  Claims  pay  to  the  Hon.  John 
H.  Thomas,  Mayor  of  Annapolis,  the  sum  of  $250,  to  be  applied 
to  the  defraying  the  expenses  of  the  celebration  of  the  two 
hundredth  anniversary  of  the  transfer  of  the  State  Capital  to 
Annapolis. 


Removal  of  Statk  Capital,  17 

Which  was  read  and  referred  to  tlie  Committee  on 
Claims,  and  on  Friday,  March  2,  was  favorably  reported 
from  the  said  committee,  and  the  order  was  adopted  by 
the  House. 

On  Thursday,  March  1st,  Mr.  Johnson  submitted  the 
following  order : 

Ordered,  That  Elihu  S.  Riley  be  aud  he  is  hereby  requested  to 
edit  and  prepare  for  publication  a  memorial  volume  of  the  cele- 
bration of  the  two  hundredth  anniversary  of  the  removal  of  the 
Capital  from  St.  Mary's  to  Annapolis,  said  volume  to  contain  the 
pi'oceedings  of  the  two  Houses  of  the  Legislature  on  the  subject, 
and  the  several  papers  in  full  to  be  read  on  the  part  of  St.  John's 
College,  the  city  of  Annapolis  and  the  State  of  Maryland,  on 
March  5,  and  the  Printing  Committee  of  the  House  of  Delegate* 
is  hereby  directed  to  have  printed  before  the  21st  of  March, 
instant,  one  thousand  copies  of  the  same,  250  copies  to  be  bound 
in  cloth,  aud  750  to  be  bound  in  paper,  to  be  distributed  by  the 
Committee  on  Public  IJecords  as  follows :  One  hundred  copies, 
bound  in  cloth,  to  the  State  Library ;  five  copies,  one  of  which 
shall  be  bound  in  cloth,  to  each  of  the  Senators  and  members  of 
the  House  of  Delegates,  for  public  distribution ;  one  hundred 
copies  to  St.  John's  College, twenty  to  be  bound  in  cloth;  twenty- 
five  copies,  one  of  which  shall  be  in  cloth,  to  each  of  the 
speakers  at  the  celebration ;  five  copies  to  each  of  the  members  of 
the  Joint  Committee  of  the  two  Houses  having  the  celebration  in 
charge,  and  the  balance  to  be  distributed  in  the  discretion  of  said 
Joint  Committee. 

That  said  Kilcy  bo  paid  the  sum  of  tliree  iiundred  dolhirs  for 
editing  said  work,  and  that  the  State  Printer  be  paid  therefor  at 
the  rate  now  allowed  him  by  law  for  public  printing. 
2 


18  MkMORIAI.     VoLlMK. 

AVhicli  was  read,  and  referred  to  the  Committee  on 
Pnlilic  Kecords. 

On  Marcli  7,  the  Committee  on  Public  Records  made 
a  favorable  report  on  the  above  order,  with  the  amend- 
ment that  the  said  Riley  be  paid  the  sum  of  $250  for 
editing  the  vol  nine. 

The  order  was  adopted  by  the  House  by  the  following 
vote : 

Affirmative — Messrs.  Speaker,  Chesley,  Jones  of  St.  Mary's, 
Strong,  Brashears,  Murray,  Sappington,  Hyde,  Dowell,  Franklin, 
Councilman,  Bosley,  Myerly,  Kieffer,  Carter  of  Baltimore  county, 
Hammond,  Wrightson,  Byrd,  Cannon,  Phelps,  Travers,  "Woodlcy, 
Mackie,  Smith,  Wilson,  Legg,  Clements,  Wilkinson,  Hayman, 
Wood,  Rouzer,  Perry,  Annan,  Crum,  Jr.,  Scarboro,  Stearns, 
Lewis,  Sisk,  Keenan,  Vernetson,  Atkinson,  Baer,  Carter  of  Balti- 
more city,  Taylor,  Johnson,  Hasenkamp,  Singleton,  Scott,  Jr., 
Fahrney,  Mackall,  Stottlemyer,  Sleeman,  Shuck,  McMillan,  Jones 
of  Allegany,  Beasmau,  Biggs,  Sullivan,  Wolfe,  Kolb. — 61. 

Negative — Messrs.  Bevard,  Harp,  Davis. — 3. 


It  will  be  observed  that  the  date  of  the  resolution 
passed  in  the  City  Council  of  Annapolis,  was  to  celebrate 
the  12th  of  March,  and  the  memorial  to  the  Legislature 
names  the  5th.  This  was  a  divergence  that  made  no 
essential  difference,  as  an  exact  date  would  vary  as  differ- 
ent minds  looked  at  the  events. 


Kkmovat-  of  State  Capital.  19 

The  original  proceedings  of  removal  are  recorded  as 
having  taken  place  in  the  House  at  St.  Mary's,  on  Octo- 
ber 11th,  1G94-,  and  the  assembly  is  stated  to  have  met  at 
Annapolis  on  February  28th,  1694.  (Old  style.)  It  was 
at  a  time  when  dates  were  written  two  ways,  but  it  is 
undoubtedly  so  that  it  was  on  February  2Sth,  1694,  (old 
style),  the  Assembly  tirst  met  in  Annapolis.  If  we  omit 
the  eleven  days  added  by  tlie  change  of  dates  from  old 
style  to  new,  it  wouhl  make  the  day  of  meeting  here 
March  lltli ;  but  the  records  reached  Annapolis  before 
that  date,  no  doubt,  so  as  to  be  ready  for  the  Legislature. 
So  there  are  three  dates  by  which  the  celebration  might 
readily  be  noted :  Octol)or  1  Ith,  lt;93,  instead  of  1G94,  as 
found  in  the  record ;  the  unknown  day  on  which  the 
records  arrived  in  the  winter  of  IGOl;  and  the  11th  of 
March,  1G91,  when  the  Legislature  tirst  assembled  at 
Annapolis. 


^^— 


COMMISSIONERS   OF   ANNAPOLIS   IN    1694. 

Majou  JOHN   HAMMOND, 

Major  EDWARD   DORSET, 

Mr.  JOHN  BENNETT, 

Mr.  JOHN    DORSET, 

Mr.    ANDREW   NORWOOD. 

Mr.   PHILIP  HOWARD, 

Mr.   JAMES   SANDERS, 

Hon.    NICHOLAS   GREENBKRRY,  Esq. 


CORPORATION   OF   ANNAPOIJS    IN    1894. 


Mayor: 
JOHN   H.   THOMAi^, 

City  Counsellor: 
ELIHU   S.   RIL^Y. 

Aldermen : 
Firxt  »^ar(Z— CHARLES   G.   FELDMEYER, 
JOHN   H.   BRIGHT. 

Second  Fard— ALLEN  McCULLOUGH, 
LOUIS  J.   GARDINER. 

Third  Fard— CLARENCE   M.   JONES, 
WILLIAM    H.   BUTLER, 


OFFICERS   OF   THE  CITY   OF   ANNAPOLIS,   1894. 


Cleuk : 
THOS.   HIMELHEBER. 

Treasureu: 
WM.   H.   RULLMAN. 

City   Commissioner: 
EDGAR   IIUTTON. 

Market  Master: 
J.    HICKS    RUSSELL. 

Health  Officer: 
Dr.   FRAXK    H.   THOMPSON. 

Messenger: 
JOHN    H.    CAULK. 

ClIIKK    OK    1*01, ICE: 

ARTlIUll   MAIiTIN, 

I'oMCK  Officers: 
EZEKIFJ.    A.    MITCHELL, 
JAMKS    W.    W ATKINS, 
R.   VINTON   THOMAS, 
JNO.    R.   TYDLNCJS, 
SAMUEL    FUANTUM. 
WM.    'I'.    l'.l{OOKS. 


Committees    of    Arrangement    of    the     Bi=Centennial 
Celebration,  March  5,   1894, 

ON    THE    PART  OF    THE   LEGISLATURE. 


THOMAS  G.  HAYES, 
OSWALD  TILGHMAN, 
THOMAS  PAKRAN, 
WASHINGTON  WILKINSON, 
ROBERT   MOSS. 

THOMAS   S.   BAER, 
HAROLD  SCARBORO, 
NORMAN  B.  SCOTT,  Jr., 
GEORGE   E.  KEENAN, 
JOHN    O.   PHILLIPS, 
TILGHMAN  J.  FAHRNEY, 
A.  FREDERICK  GEORGE, 
JAMES  R.  BRASHEARS, 
J.  HEMSLEY  JOHNSON. 


ON  THE  PART  OF  THE  CITY  OF  ANNAPOLIS. 


JOHN   H.   THOMAS, 
ELIHU   S.    RILEY, 
CHARLES  G.  FELDMEYER. 


ON   THE   PART  OF   ST.   JOHN'S   COLLEGE. 


NICHOLAS   BREWER, 
J.   SCHAAF   STOCKETT, 
MARSHALL    OLIVER,  and 
Dr.  THOMAS  FELL,  Ex  Officio, 

President  of  St.  Jokn^s  College. 


MEETIM  OF  SITIZENS  OF  ANNAPOLIS 

IN  THE  ASSEMBLY  ROOMS. 


Annapolis,  February  '23,  1894. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  citizens  of  Annapolis,  called  by 
the  committee  of  arranojemciits  of  the  City  Council,  the 
following:  business  was  transacted  :  On  motion  of  Chas. 
G.  Feldmeyer,  Dr.  J.  M,  Woitliiiij^ton  was  nominated 
for  chairman,  but  bein*;  unable  to  remain  was  excused. 
Mr.  Frank  A.  Monroe  was  then  noiiiinated  and  elected. 
On  motion  of  the  same  genlleman.  Dr.  (ieorge  T.  Feld- 
meyer was  named  and  elected  Secretary.  At  the  request 
of  Mr.  A.  McCullougli,  of  the  ('ity  Council  of  Annapolis,. 
Mr.  E.  S.  Riley  made  a  ht;itemeMt,  expl  linini:,-  the  object 
of  the  meeting,  the  necessity  of  appointing  committees^ 
and  the  duties  pertaining  to  the  same,  giving  a  general 
outline  of  the  proccssi(uis,  and  the  exei'cises  of  the  day. 
Mr.  J.  S.  M.  Basil,. 1 1'.,  then  moved  tliut  there  be  a  mat-(|Uei-- 
ade  [);uade  between  7  and  S.;{()  i'.  .m.,  uiid  that  during  that 
time  the  citizens  be  recpiested  to  illuminate  their  Ix^mesi 
and  places  of  business,  and  that  the  line  of  processioi^ 
bo  over  the  same  route  as  that  of  the  afternoon  parade. 


24  MeMOKIA].     Vt)LllMK 

Mr,  Riley  moved  that  a  committee  of  ten  be  appointed 
by  the  chair,  which  biiall  be  the  Committee  on  Finance. 
The  Cliair  appointed  as  follows: 

f.  a.  munroe, 
Geo.  Moss, 
Jno.  W.  Nason, 
J.  Howard  Iglehart. 
S.  B.  Hardy, 
R.  L.  Werntz, 
Wm.  M.  Abbott, 
C.  W.  Martin, 
Jko.  Hangartner, 
Malcolm  Watson. 

On  motion  of  Mr.  A.  McCulloujjli,  the  chair  appointed 
following  Masquerade  Cornmitke: 

J.  S.  M.  Basil,  Jr., 
C.  A.  L.  Wilson, 
•Jas.  D.  Feldmeyer, 
W.  F.  Basil, 
Edgak  Hutto>;, 
Addie  Stites, 
a  Weiss, 
•James  Strange. 

It  was  moved  by  Mr.  Jno.  Haniijartner  and  seconded, 
that  this  organization  give  a  ball  on  the  evening  of  the 
celebration,  March  5th,  and  that  the  proceeds  go  towards 
defraying  the  expenses  of  the  ball,  the  balance,  if  any, 


Removal  of  State   Capital.  25 

be  handed    over  to  the  Finance   Committee.     Carried. 
The  Chair  appointed  the  foHowing  Ball  Committee  : 

Jno.  Hangautnek, 
Ernest  Brock, 
Saml.  Gates, 
Frank  Myers, 
C.  W.  Martin, 
Zack  Merriken, 
Frank  Basil, 
David  Jewell, 
Alfred  Parkinson, 
Jas.  Strange. 

On  motion  of  Mr.  A.  McCuUoui^h,  the  Chief  Marshal 
and  his  first  assistant  were  ordered  to  wear  orange  and 
black  sashes,  and  the  assistants  blue  sash  and  white 
gloves. 

On  motion  of  Mr.  liiley,  the  Chief  ALarshal  was 
anthorized  to  make  all  necessary  arrangements,  and  to 
make  any  change  for  tlie  improvement  of  the  parade. 
The  meeting  then,  on  motion,  adjourned. 

l)i;.   (ii:oii(;K  T.    I'Kr.OMKYKii, 

Secretary. 

The  several  committees  met  at  various  times,  and  fully 
perfected  all  their  arrangements,  entering  into  their 
M'ork  with  spirit  and  executing  all  the  duties  assigned 
them  with  skill  and  lidelily.  The  Chief  Marshal,  >\  lien 
McCullough,  Ksq.,  and   his  lirst  assistant,  Mr.  Jos(  pli    M. 


26  ^^I•;M()UIA1-     V'oLUMK. 

Basil,  were  most  assiduous  in  their  labors,  and  per- 
formed the  exacting  obligations  of  their  positions  with  a 
keen  appreciation  of  their  duties  and  loyalty  to  tlieir 
demands.  To  the  Chief  Marshal's  patient  and  unspar- 
ing efforts  are  due  much  of  the  success  of  the  celebration. 


INVITATION. 


The  following  was  the  official  invitation  issued  by  the 
city  of  Annapolis : 

Annapolis,  Md.,  February  27,  1894. 
My  Dear  Siu  : 

You  are  cordially  invited  to  be  present  March  5th,  1894,  ta 
witness  the  celebration  of  the  Two  Hundredth  Anniversary  of  the 
Removal  of  the  Capital  from  Saint  Mary's  city  to  Annapolis, 
Maryland. 

The  parade  will  start  at  one  o'clock  i*.  m.,  and  the  exercises  will 
close  with  a  ball  at  night. 

F.  A.  MuNROE,  President, 

Dr.  G.  T.  Feld.meyer,  Secretary, 

Citizens'  Meeting. 
J.  H.  Thomas,  Mayor, 
E.  S.  Riley,  Counsellor, 
C.  G.  Feldmeyer,  Alderman, 
Committee  of  Arrangements  on  part  of  City  Council. 

A.  ]\IcCuLLOi;6H, 

Chief  Marshal. 

J.  S.  M.  Basil,  Jr., 

First  Assistant  Marshal. 


Removal  of  Statk   (yAnxAL.  27 

A    CARD    TO    CITIZENS. 


Annapolib,  February  20,  1894. 

The  iindersigued,  Committee  of  Arrangements  for  the  colelna- 
tion  of  the  300th  Anniversary  of  the  removal  of  the  ("apital  from 
St.  Mary's  county  to  Annapolis,  respectfully  request  our  citizens 
to  decorate  their  residences  on  March  oth,  with  the  colors  of  the 
State  and  Nation,  and  to  illuminate  their  houses  on  the  evening  of 
the  same,  between  the  hours  of  7  and  8.30  p.  m.  The  Committee 
urges  all  of  our  citizens  to  lend  their  assistance  to  make  the  cele- 
bration a  notable  event. 

The  Committee  further  respectfullj'^  requests  all  merchants  and 
business  men  of  every  occupation  to  close  their  places  of  husiues& 
on  March  5,  from  12  noon,  for  the  rest  of  the  day, 

.John   II.  Thomas, 
Ei.iiii;  S.  KiLEY, 

CllAULE.S   G.    FELD.VfEYEK, 

Couiiaittee  of  the  City  Council. 


OFFICIAL    PROGRAM. 


The  following  was  the   official    iirograrn   of  the  forma- 
tion of  the  line  of  procession  : 

I'lltST     DIVISION. 

Marshal  in  Charge — G.  T.   I'V-hlmeyer. 

Mounted  Police. 

Han>l. 

('ity  ('ouncil. 

Ex-Muyors. 

Clergy. 


28  Meisiokiai,    Yolumk. 

Committee  of  the  Mai'ylund  IjCgisIature. 
Cadets  of  St.  John's  College. 
Public  School  Children. 
First  Division  will  report  on  West  street,  right  resting  opposite 
Suit's  Store,  at  1.30  P.  M. 


SECOND    DIVISION. 

Marshal  in  Charge — Julian  Brewer. 

United  States  Marines. 

Uniform  Rank  Knights  of  Pythias. 

Rescue  Hose  Company. 

Independent  Fire  Company. 

Water  Witch  H.  &  L.  Company. 

Second  Division   will   report  at  the  city  limits.  West  street,  at 
1.30  P.  M. 


THIKD    DIVISION. 

Marshal  in  Charge — F.  A.  Munroe. 

Independent  Order  of  Odd  Fellows. 

Improved  Order  of  Red  Men. 

Knights  of  Pythias. 

Junior  Order  of  American  Mechanics. 

General  Society  of  Colonial  Wars. 

Historial  Society. 

Thinl    Division   will   report   at   the   Railroad    Crossing,    West 

street,  at  1.30  P.  M. 


MARSHALS. 

The  Marshals  of  the  Second  and  Third  Divisions  will  keep  a 
space  of  forty  feet  between  the  divisions,  and  also  see  that  each 


Removal  of  Statf-:  Capital.  29 

organization  will  keep  the  proper  position  assigned  them  in  the 
procession  and  have  the  line  formed  to  move  promptly  at  2  P.  M. 

By  order  of 

AlijEN  McCullough, 

Chief  Marshal. 


Line   of  Makch. 

The  procession  formed  on  West  street  extended  at  1:30 
o'clock,  and  moved  down  West  street  to  Church  Circle, 
to  Duke  of  Gloucester  street,  to  Green  street,  to  Market 
Space,  around  Market  Space  to  Main  street,  to  Church 
circle,  to  School  street,  to  right  of  State  circle,  to  Mary- 
land avenue,  to  Hanover  street,  to  Bridge,  to  King 
George,  to  Randall,  to  Piince  George,  to  College  campus, 
and  dismiss. 

The  members  of  the  City  Council,  Ex- Mayors,  Clergy, 
Committee  of  the  Legislatui'e  and  the  invited  guests  met 
at  the  Council  Chamber  at  1  P.  M.,  and  the  Naval 
Academy  band  reported  there  at  the  same  hour. 


The   Day. 

MONDEY.  IMRCH  5  1894. 


THE  day  dawned  glorious  for  the  celebration  ;  not  a 
cloud  dimmed  the  sk}',  and  the  warm  air  made 
the  atmosphere  delightful.  Tlie  early  dawn  brought  the 
stir  of  coming  events.  The  stores  were  besieged  by 
residents  for  bunting  for  decorations,  and  tiiese  reposi- 
tories of  bunting  being  soon  exhausted,  the  citizens  were 
driven  to  unique  devices  to  satisfy  their  patriotic  desires. 
From  harbor  as  well  as  town  floated  flags  and  streamers, 
and  from  the  venerable  State  House  waved  tlie  Star- 
Spangled  Banner  with  tlie  sable  and  gold  of  Mary- 
land's flag.  The  effect  was  beautiful  and  inspiring, 
especially  along  Main  street,  which  was  one  avenue  of 
colors.  The  fealty  to  Union  as  well  as  State  was  evinced 
by  the  intertwining  on  the  private  residences,  of 
the  national  and  State  colors.  It  was  Annapolis'  best 
^and  greatest  of  gala  days.  Every  train  brought  its 
addition  until  a  multitude  filled  the  ancient  capital.  The 
bright  weather,  tlie  charming  decorations,  the  patriotic 
associations  and    the   anticipation    of   coming   pleasures 


Removal  of  State  Capital.  31 

made  a  cliecrful  city,  which  ended  as  it  began,  with  most 
perfect  order  and  profound  good  will,  a  harbinger  of  love 
and  respect  that  may  forever  remain  amongst  the  noble 
and  pairiotic  people  of  ]\raryland. 


THI£    STREET    PARADE. 


The  lirst  event  of  the  day,  and  the  chief  spectacular 
one,  was  the  afternoon  paiade.  Over  six  hundred  per- 
sons, mounted,  in  carriages  and  on  foot,  took  part  in  this, 
and  were  uKue  or  less  decoi-atcid.  The  procession  formed 
on  West  street,  beyond  the  Annapolis,  Washington  and 
Baltimore  depot,  shortly  after  one  o'clock.  It  was  made 
up  of  the  head  and  three  divisions,  as  follows: 

(^hief  Marshal,  Allen  McCullough  ;  assistants,  Joseph 
S.  M.  Basil,  L.  J.  M.  Boyd,  Dr.  J.  M.  Worthington,  S. 
B.  Hardy,  W.  II.  Rullman,  Charles  Duvall.  All  wore 
orange  and  black  sashes,  black  clothing,  derby  hats  and 
white  gloves.  Their  saddle-blankets  were  white,  with 
black  borders. 

First  Division — Marshal,  G.  T.  Feldmeyer  ;  assistants, 
J.  FI.  Musterman,  T.  Brice,  J.  Trautweiii,  V.  Weiss,  C. 
W.  Martin,  W.  F.  J^asil,  J.  E.  Abbott,  J.  K.  Scherger, 
Frank  Thomas,  Frank  Stockett,  Jr.,  M.  M.  Smith,  .lohn 
Boessel,  Edward  Taylor,  (t.  T.  Melvin,  Oden  Duvall, 
A.  Phillips. 


33  Memorial  Volume. 

A  squad  of  mounted  police,  under  Chief  Arthur  G. 
Martin. 

The  Naval  Academy  Band,  Charles  Zimmerman, 
leader. 

The  officials  of  the  Annapolis  city  government  in  car- 
riages—  Mayor,  John  IJ.  Thomas;  City  Counsellor, 
Elihu  S.  Riley ;  Aldermen,  Charles  G.  Feldmeyer,  John 
H.  Bright;  William  II.  Butler. 

Ex-Mayors  in  a  carriage — James  II.  Brown,  Abram 
Claude,  Thomas  E.  Martin  and  James  Manroe. 

The  clergy  of  the  city— Dr.  II.  II.  Clarke,  of  the 
Naval  Academy;  Eev.  W,  L.  McDowell,  Rev.  Mr. 
Mcllvane,  Rev.  Watson  Case,  Rev,  Fathers  Lowekarap, 
Cunningham,  Cook  and  Hanlej',  of  Annapolis. 

General  societies  of  colonial  wars,  represented  by 
Henry  Stockbridge,  Jr.,  Thomas  Marsh  Smith,  William 
Ilan-ison  Gill  and  George  Norbnry  Mackenzie,  who 
rode  in  carriages. 

Maryland  Historical  Society,  represented  by  Rev.  John 
G.  Morris,  Henry  F.  Thompson  and  Edwin  Wartield, 
who  rode  in  carriages. 

Committee  from  the  General  Assembly — Messrs.  Baer, 
Brashears  and  George. 

United  States  Marines,  under  Captain  James  M.  T. 
Younjr. 


Remova.l  op   State   Capital.  33 

Battalion  of  Cadets  from  8t.  John's  College,  under 
Lieutenant  Robert  II.  Noble. 

A  lar^e  number  of  Annapolis  public  school  children^ 
with  their  teachers;  the  bojs  carried  a  large  flag,  and 
the  girls  were  driven  in  gaily-decorated  wagons. 

Second  Division — Marshal,  Julian  Brewer;  assistants, 
Raymond  Moss,  F.  Basil,  R.  G.  Chaney,  F.  Slan)a,  J.  D, 
Feldmeyer,  G.  Gladen,  Z.  Merriken,  Harry  Brewer,  A. 
Hopkins,  Edgar  Hopkins,  John  Kason,  W.  H,  Smith, 
C.  Ridout,  E.  F.  Arnold,  Burly  Duvall,  James  E.  Tate. 

Annapolis  Drum  Corps. 

Uniform  Rank,  Knights  of  Pythias,  under  Capt. 
P.  El  wood  Porter. 

Rescue  Hose  Company,  with  men  and  machines, 
under  Foreman,  David  B,  Jewell. 

Independent  Fire  Company,  with  machines. 

Water  Witch  Hook  and  Ladder  Company,  men  and 
machines,  under  Foreman,  E.  A.  Shjourdan. 

Third  Division — Marshal,  F.  A.  Munroe,  assistants, 
Harry  Feldmeyer,  W,  II.  Thomas,  Guy  Thompson, 
James  Strange,  Thomas  Linthicum,  J.  B.  Martin,  W.  H. 
Moss,  A.  Stites,  C.  A.  L.  Wilson,  C.  E.  Meyers,  J.  P. 
Pettibone,  Walter  Clark,  W.  M.  Ilolladay,  Charles  Petti- 
bone,  C.  Duvall,  Jr.,  R.  W.  Tate,  D.  \i.  Magruder. 

Woodberry  Fife  and  Drum  Corps. 


.^4  Mkmokial  Volume. 

Independent  Order  of  Odd  Fellows,  eight  representa- 
tives from  Metropoli^  Lodge,  No.  17,  as  follows:  J.  W. 
Connoll}',  Samnel  Davis,  D.  O.  Parlett,  Daniel  Medford, 
A.  L.  Baker,  Lee  Kalmcy,  Wm.  Gibbs  and  Wm.  Red- 
mond.    They  were  in  regalia  and  rode  in  carriages. 

Improved  Order  of  Red  Men  in  two  hacks,  twelve 
mounted  and  altout  thirty  on  foot.  Those  m  carriages 
■and  mourned  were  in  regalia.  The  mounted  men  wore 
painted  masks.  The  former  were  Prof.  A.  J.  Corbesier, 
R.  Y.  Clayton,  Lewis  H.  Rhen,  W.  Henry  Burtis,  Percy 
Parlett,  Brewer  Gardner,  Wm.  V.  Morris  and  Robert  W. 
Clayton,  Jr. 

Kniglits  of  Pythias,  under  Chancellor  Commander 
Weems  Ridout. 

Junior  Order  of  American  Mechanics,  forty  in  num- 
ber, under  Captain  Frank  Shaw. 

The  procession  moved  down  West  street  to  Church 
Circle,  to  Duke  of  Gloucester  street,  to  Green  street,  to 
Market  Space,  around  Market  Space  to  Main  street,  to 
Church  Circle,  to  School  street,  to  right  of  State  Circle, 
to  Maryland  avenue,  to  Hanover  street,  to  Bridge,  to 
King  George,  to  Randall,  to  Prince  George,  to  College 
campus,  and  there  dismissed. 

Crowds  viewed  the  parade  from  every  point  along  the 
route  and  cheered  the  various  divi?ions.  An  unusually 
large  crowd  assembled  about  the  St.  John's  College 
<;ampu8  to  witness  the  disbanding. 


Removal  of  State  Captial.  35 

MASQUERADE,    ILLUMINATION    AND    BALL. 


The  masquerade,  between  seven  and  eight-thirty 
o'clock  p.  ^f.,  proved  a  most  buccessful  part  of  the  day's 
program.  Several  hundred  took  part  in  the  parade ; 
many  of  the  characters  were  marked  caricatures,  and  the 
complete  procession  a  splendid  conclusion  to  the  pageants 
of  the  day.  The  enjoyment  of  the  spectacle  was  largely 
interfered  with  by  an  accident  at  the  electric  light  works 
that  cutoff  the  arc  lamps  and  put  the  streets  in  darkness. 

The  illumination  of  the  residences  of  citizens,  during 
the  hours  of  the  masquerade,  mitigated  in  some  degree 
the  loss  of  the  street  lamps,  and  gave  cheerful  color  to 
the  merry  proceedings  in  the  city. 

The  ball,  at  the  Masonic  Assembly  Rooms,  was  an 
enjoyable  ending  to  the  day's  proceedings.  There  was  a 
fairly,  but  not  excessively,  large  attendance. 


ON  THE  PART  OF  ST.  JOHN'S  COLLEGE. 

The  faculty  of  St.  John's,  the  Board  of  Governors 
and  Visitors,  and  alumni  of  the  College,  at  the  conclu- 
sion of  the  afternoon's  parade,  were  escorted  from 
McDowell  Hall  to  the  Masonic  Opera  House,  where 
the   following   exercises   were  observed : 

Scripture  Reading,  Psalm  I,  and  Prayer,  by  Rev.  H.  H.  Clarke. 

D.  D.,  Chaplain  U.  S.  Navy. 
Song — "My  Maryland," — The  Children  of  the  Public  Schools  of 

Annapolis,  Md. 
Address — "An  Early  Sample  of  Free  Religion  and  Free  Educa- 
tion,"— Adjutant-General  II.    Kyd  Douglas,    of   Hagers- 

town,  Md. 
Song — "Star-Spangled   Banner." — The    Children    of    the    Public 

School  of  Annapolis,  Md. 
Address— "The  Capital  of  St.  Mary's,"— J.  W.  Thomas,  Esq.,  of 

Cumberland,  Md. 
Song — "Hail  Columbia." — The  Children  of  the  Public  School  of 

Annapolis,  Md. 
Announcements — By  the  President,  Thomas  Fell,  of  St.  John's 

College. 

Dr.  Fell  said  that  the  Board  of  Governors  and  Visitors 
of  St.  John's  College  had  arrived  at  the  conclusion  that 
they  could  only  confer  degrees  at  commencement  day. 
The   Board,    therefore,    wishing   to   honor   some   of   its 


Removal  of  State  Capital.  37 

friends  and  alumni,  directed  hiin  to  say  that  (D.  V.,)  the 
Board  would  confer  at  its  next  commencement  day,  June 
28th,  the  following  degrees : 

Honorary  degree  of  doctor  of  laws  : 

Hon.  John  M.  llobinson,  graduated  from  Dickinson 
College;  Chief  Judge  of  the  Court  of  Appeals,  Mary- 
land. 

Hon.  Henry  D.  Harlan,  graduated  from  St.  John's 
College,  B.  A.,  '78;  M.  A.,  '87;  Chief  Judge  of  the 
Supreme  Bench  of  I'altiinore  city. 

Hon.  James  Bevell,  graduated  from  St.  John's  College, 

B.  A.  '49 ;  M.  A.  '53 ;  member  of  the  Board  of  Visitors 
and  Governors;  Associate  Judge  of  the  Fifth  Judicial 
Circuit  of  Maryland. 

Hon.  Somerville  P.  Tuck  ;  graduated  from  the  Univer- 
sity of  Virginia,  B.  A.,  '67;  St.  John's  College,  M.  A., 
'88;  recently  appointed  .ludge  of  the  International  Court 
of  Alexandria,  Egypt. 

II()n(;rary  Degree  of  Doctor  of  Divinity — Rev.  Edward 

C.  iMiicnichdl,  of  Pocomoke  City,  Md.,  graduated  from 
Dickinson  Theological  Seininary,  '74;  member  of  the 
Wilmington  Conference  of  the  Methodist  Episcojjal 
Church. 

Benediction  hy  Uev,  Adolphus  Pindell,  an  ahininus  of 
St.  John's  College. 


Literary   and    Religious   Ceremonies 

ON    THE    I'AKTS    OP    THE 

Kity  of  Annapolis  and  ^tate  of  Maryland, 


HALL   OF   THE    HOUSE    OF    DELEGATES, 

Ivlo^^IDA"s^,   ivtARCH    5,   ise-4. 

At  8:30  P.  M. 


PROQRAMJv^IE. 


Prayer  by  Rev.  W.  S.  Southgate,  D.  D.,  Rector  of  St.  Anne's 
Protestant  Episcopal  Church,  Annapolis. 

1.  "Hail  Columbia  Happy  Land." 

3.  Opening  remarks  by  Thomas  S.  Baer,  Member  of  Committee 
on  part  of  House  of  Delegates. 

3.  "  Yankee  Doodle." 

4.  Essay,   "The  Removal    of    the   Capital    from   St.   Mary's    to 

Annapolis,"  by  Elihu  S.  Hiley,  of  Annapolis,  Md. 

5.  "  Maryland,  My  Maryland,"  words  paraphrased  to  a  hymn  on 

our  Public  Schools. 

6.  Address,  "  The  Catholic  and  Puritan  Settlements  in  Maryland," 

by  Prof.  Alfred  P.  Dennis,  of  Princeton,  New  Jersey. 

7.  "  My  Native  Country,  Thee." 

Benediction  by  Rev.   Father  Lowekamp,  Rector  of  St.   Mary's 
Catholic  Church,  Antapo'is. 


Removal  of  State  Capital  39 

"Star  Spangled  Banner,"  as  the  audience  dispersed.    The  Singing 
was  by  a  Chorus  from  the  Public  Schools  of  Annapolis. 

Ushers — Messrs.  Fenton  Lee  Duvall, 
Peter  H.  Magruder, 
E.  Berkely  Igleuart, 
John  R.  Magruder, 
T.  Kent  Green. 


Amongst  the  audience  were:  Captain  R.  L.  Plu'thean, 
Superintendent  of  Naval  Academy;  Lieutenant  Com- 
mander Uriel  Sebree,  U.  S.  N. ;  Lieutenant  Commander 
B.  F,  Tillej,  U.  S.  N. ;  Lieutenant  Commander  Asa 
Walker,  U.  S.  N, ;  Lieutenant  Commander  J.  E.  Craig, 
U.  S.  N.;  Lieutenant  Commander  G.  P.  Colvocorresses, 
U.  S.  N.,  in  full  uniform  ;  invited  guests  of  the  com- 
mittee on  the  part  of  the  city  of  Annapolis. 

Gov.  Brown  was  also  in  attendance. 

The  followinor  teachers  of  the  Girls'  Pnhlic  School 
were  present  to  assist  the  pupils  in  singing:  Miss  Eliza- 
beth Dorsey,  principal,  Miss  Milicent  Redmond,  Miss  R. 
G.  Camden,  Miss  Elenora  W.  Pindell,  ]\Iiss  Anna  S. 
Brady,  Miss  Josephiiu?  lieardon,  Miss  Cora  Medley,  Miss 
Bessie  Tate. 


cX. 


i694- 


KING    WILLIAM'S  SCHOOL, 


For   which  the  initiatory  steps  were  taken  in   1694,  was 
the  progenitor  of  St.  Jolm's  College. 

The  earliest  Board  of  Trustees  of  King  AVilliam's 
School  to  be  found  in  the  records,  is  that  of  1696,  the 
laws  of  1694,  as  a  whole,  having  been  lost,  and  the  Board 
of  Trustees  witli  it. 

The  Board  of  Trustees  of  1696  was: 

FRANCIS  NICHOLSON,  ESQ.,  Goverkob, 
Hon.  Sir  THOMAS  LAWRENCE,  Baronet, 
Cot.  GEORGE  ROBOTHAM, 
Col.  CHARLES  HIITCHINS, 
Col.  JOHN  ADDISON*, 

Of  the  Governor's  Council. 

Rev.  PEREGRINE  CONY, 
Rev.  JOHN  HEWETT, 
ROBERT  SMITH, 
KEN  ELM  CHELSELDYNE, 
HENRY  COURSEY, 
EDWARD  DORSEY, 


Kemoval  of  State  Capital.  -tl 

THOMAS  ENNALS, 
THOMAS   TASKER, 
FRANCIS  JENKINS, 
WILLIAM  DENT, 
THOMAS  SMITH, 
EDWARD  BOOTHBY, 
JOHN  THOMPSON, 
JOHN  BIGGER, 

Gentlemen. 


-uo^^^, 


i894- 
Boaid  or  Visitors  and  Governors  0[  St.  John's  CollBae. 

president: 

{Ex-OJficio.) 

His  EXCELLE2CCY,  FEANK  BROWN, 

The  Governor  of  Maryland, 

Annapolis,  Md.,  1892. 

{Under  the  Charter-  elected  annually,) 

FRANK  H.  STOCKETT,« 

Annapolis,  Md.,  1818. 

secretary: 

Hox.  NICHOLAS  BREWER,* 

Annapolis,  Md.,  1857. 

EX-OFFICIO. 
Hon.  JOHN   W.  SMITH,  President  of  the  Senate, 

Snow  Hill,  Md. 
Hon.  JAMRS  II.  PRESTON,  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Delegates, 

Baltimore,  Md. 
Hon.  .1.  M.  ROBINSON,  Chief  Judge  Court  of  Appeals, 

Centreville,  Md. 
Hon.  W.  SHEPARD  BRYAN,  Judge  Court  of  Appeals, 

Bullimore,  Md. 

Hon.  DAVID  FOWLER,  Judge  Court  of  Appeals, 

Towson,  Md. 

Hon.  JAMES  McSHERRY,  Judge  Court  of  Ap))eals, 

«  Frederick,  Md. 

Hun.  JOHN  P.  BRISCOE,  Judge  Court  of  Appeal.s, 

Prince  Frederick,  Md. 
*  Graduated  from  St.  .John's. 


Removal  of  Statk  ('aimtal.  43- 

Hon.  henry  TAGE,  Judge  Court  of  Appeals, 

Princess  Anne,  M6. 
Hon.  CHARLES  B.  R015EBTS,  Judge  Court  of  Appe.ls, 

Wt'stniinstcr,  Md. 
Hon.  A.  HUNTER  BOYD,  Judge  Court  of  Appeals, 

Cumberland,  Md. 


ELECTIVE    BY    THE    BOARD    OF    GOVERNORS   AND 
VISITORS. 


JAMES  MACKUBIN,  Ellicott  City,  Md.,  1852. 
Hon.   DANIKL  M.  HKNRY,  Cambiid/.e,  Md.,  1857. 
DANIEL  M.  THOMAS,  Baltimore,  Md.,  1859. 
SPRIGG  HARWOOI),  Annapolis,  Md.,  1801. 
JAMES  MUNROR,  Annapolis  Md.,  18fi!). 
WILLIAM  IIARWOOD.  Annapolis,  Md.,  1873. 
J.  SHaAFF  STOCKKTT,  Annapolis.  Md.,  1878. 
WILLIAM  R.   HAY  WARD,  M.  D.,  Canibrilgo,  Md.,  1878. 
GEORGE  WELLS,   M.   D,.  Annapolis,  .Md.,  1882. 
Hon.  JOHN  S.  WIRT,  Elkton,  Md.,  1882. 
WILLIAM  G.  RIDOUT.  M.   D.,  Annapolis.  Md.,  1882. 
Hon.  J.  WIllT  RANDALL,  Annapolis,  Md.,  1882. 
RICHARD  M.  VKXABLI':,  Baltimore,  Md.,  1831. 
RICHARD  II.  GREKX,  Annapolis,  Md.,  1S«4. 
PHILEMON   II.  TUCK.  Baltimore,  Md.,  1885. 
RICHARD  M.  CHASE,  Annapolis,  Md.,  1887. 
MARSHAL  OLIVER.   U.  S.   N.,  Annapolis,  Md.,  18!)1. 
L.   DOIISKY  GASSAWAY,  Annapolis,  Md..  1H!)1. 
8PENCKR  C.  JONHS,  Annapolis,  Md.,  18!)1. 
DANIEL  R.   MAGIMJDKK,  Annapolis,  Md.,  18!'2. 
BLANCIIAIID   i;ANI)ALIi,  Ballimore,  Md..  \n'Xl. 
JAMES  RKVELL,  Annapolis.  Md.,  1893. 

Thcso  figures   refer  to  tlio  date  of  the  election  of  the  H«!veriil- 
members  of  tiic  Boards. 


44  Memorial  Volumk. 

THE  FACULTY. 


THOMAS  FELL,  A.  M.,  Ph.  D.,  LL.  D.,  President,  Professor  of 
Moral  Science  and  Ancient  lianguages. 

JAMES  W.  CAIN,  A.  M.,  (Graduate  of  Yale  College,)  Professor  of 
Political  and  Social  Science. 

JOHN  L.  CHEW,  A.  M.,  (Graduate  of  St.  John's  College,)  Professor 
of  Mathematics. 

ROBERT  H.  NOBLR,  LL.  B.,  First  Lieut.  U.  S.  Army,  (Graduate 
of  University  of  Maryland,)  Professor  of  Military  Science  and 
Tactics,  and  Lecturer  on  International  and  Constitutional  Law. 

JOHN  I).  EPES,  B.  A.,  (Graduate  of  Randolph-Macon  College,) 
Professor  of  English  and  English  Literature. 

HENRI  MARION,  Professor  of  Modern  Languages. 

GEORGE  RIPLEY  PINKHAM,  A.  M.,  (Graduate  of  Brown  Uni- 
versity.) Professor  of  Greek. 

W.  M.  BERKELEY,  B.  A.,  (Graduate  of  University  of  Virginia,) 
Professor  of  Natural  Sciences. 

JOSEPH  R.  WILMER,  B.  A.,  U.  S.  N.,  (Graduate  of  St.  John's 
College  and  U.  S.  Naval  Academy,)  Professor  of  Physics  and 
Mechanical  Eng'neering. 

EDWIN  D.  PUSEY,  A.  M.,  (Graduate  of  St.  John's  College,)  Assist- 
ant Professor  of  Latin  and  German. 

Rev.  W.  S.  T.  DEAVOR,  Ph.  D.,  (Graduate  of  Allegany  College,) 
Assistant  Professor  of  Mathematics. 

FRANCIS  E.  DANIELS,  A.  M.,  (Graduate  of  St.  John's  College). 
Assistant  Professor  of  Botany  and  Biology, 

FRED.  WILLING,  A.  M.,  (Graduate  of  Hobart  College),  Special 
Instructor  in  Charge  of  Candidates  for  the  U.S.  Naval  Academy. 

JAMES  P.  BIAYS,  Jr.,  B.  A.,  Instructor  in  Preparatory  School. 

KARL  KUHL,  Secretary  for  the  President, 


OKKKliKD     IJY 

REV.    H.    H.   CLARKE,    D.   D., 

CHAPLAIN     U.     S.     N., 

At  the  exercises  on  behalf  of  St.  JohfCs  College^  at  the 
Masonic  Opera  House,  on  March  5,  1894-,  in  honor 
of  the  Bir  Centennial  Celebration  of  the  initiatory 
mcvement  to  found  King  William'' s  School,  the 
p7'ogenitor  of  St.  John's  College. 


We  thank  thee,  our  Heavenly  Father,  that  thou  art 
the  God  of  the  world ;  that  thou  art  the  Lord  of  the 
centuries,  even  as  of  the  yearn.  As  we  look  into  frag- 
ments, detachments  of  time,  we  can  see  thy  plan,  as  we 
also  l)ehold  it,  runninj^  through  long  j)eriods  of  coiitiim- 
ous  history.  Thy  purpose  of  right-doing  toward  man- 
kind gathers  to  its(;lf  incre.ising  light,  whether  followed 
as  it  moves  along  the  course  of  years  or  of  centuries. 
Thou  dost  reign  in  justice  and  kindness,  regarding  the 
happiness  of  thy  creatures,  more  than  even  llu;  showing 
forth  of  thy  glory.  We  praise  thee  for  what  thou  hast 
done  for  this  larxl  of  ours.  In  the  heginning  thou  didst 
send  the  right  incn  to  it;  those  who  loved  the 
truth  ;  those   who    were    willing    to    suiTer  and    die    for 


46  ^fEMoiiiAi,   Volume. 

it.  They  came  with  a  deep  love  for  what  had 
been  made  known  by  consciences  enlightened,  by  a 
sense  of  justice  deepened,  by  a  hope  of  human  wel- 
fare and  progress  strengthened.  Under  thy  guidance 
they  did  their  work.  They  gave  to  us  our  original  Com- 
monwealths; planted  the  steds  of  everything  great  and 
good  in  our  whole  loved  land.  We  thank  thee  for  the 
part  taken  by  the  Colony  and  the  State  of  Maryland  for 
the  good  of  the  whole  people;  that  upon  this  soil  were 
given  such  early  and  inspiring  lessons  of  religious  and 
political  freedom.  We  praise  thee  for  what  education 
liere  accomplished  for  these  ends;  that  this  institution 
was  early  planted  on  the  shores  of  the  Chesapeake  to  be 
a  source  of  enlightenment  and  an  instrument  of  good, 
ministering  to  what  the  State  is  now  so  justly  proud  of. 
May  it  be  blessed  more  and  more,  widening  in  usefulness 
and  influence  in  accordance  with  its  venerable  character 
and  high  purpose.  Continue  thy  blessing  upon  its  living 
graduates;  help  its  president  and  its  faculty  in  all  their 
work ;  let  thy  love  and  care  be  extended  to  each  of  its 
students;  so  let  it  prosper  in  the  present  and  in  the 
future.  Upon  all  the  exercises  of  this  occasion  may  thy 
blessing  descend.  All  of  which  we  offer  and  ask,  for 
Christ's  sake,  amen. 


j^nsr    .A. n ID i^. ESS 

DELIVEUKO     KY 

£y  invitation  of  the  Board  of  Governors  and  Visitors 
of  St.  Johns  College,  at  the  Masonic  Opera  House, 
March  o,  JS94,  at  the  ceremonies  that  day  on  hehalf 
of  the  College,  on  the  Bi- Centennial  Celebration  of 
the  initiation  of  King  WiUiarn?s  School,  the  pro- 
genitor of  St.  JohrCs  College. 


An  Early  Sample  of  Free  Relizion  and  Free  Education. 

For  ten  or  more  years  we  have  had  an  epidemic  of 
•centennials.  Few  events,  over  fifty  years  of  age,  have 
escaped  it.  Wo  iiave  had  centennials  and  semi-centen- 
nials, bi-centennials  and  tri-centennials;  and  our  recent 
quadro-centennial  was  one  of  the  wonders  of  the  a^e — 
the  adinir.itiun  aUke  of  (^Christendom  and  Heathendom. 
All  this  was  very  natural.  N^ations  are  very  like  individ- 
nals  because  they  are  made  u|)  of  individuals,  and  when 
they  pass  adolescence,  they  take  great  pride  in  their 
maturity  and  are  anxious  to  celehrate  it  and  have-  a  good 
time.  The  Americans,  too,  may  be  relied  upon  to  try  to 
<3o  everything  better  and  oftener  than  any  other  people, 


48  Memorial  Volume. 

and  tlie  States  of   the    Union    vie    with    each  other  in 
getting  up  sensational  effects. 

Maryland,  as  is  her  wont,  has  kept  up  with  the  pro- 
cession, and  to-day,  as  something  of  a  variety,  is  combin- 
ing two  or  three  such  entertainments— a  bi-centennial  of 
the  removal  of  the  State  Capital  from  St.  Mary's  to 
Annapolis — the  bi-centennial  of  the  foundation  of  King 
AVilliam's  School,  with  a  brief  repetition  of  the  centennial 
of  St.  John's  College  as  the  only  heir  at  law  and  resid- 
uary legatee  of  King  William's.  This  is  very  well. 
Maryland  has  never  made  enough  of  her  past.  What- 
ever may  be  said  of  other  States,  she  certainly  has  never 
claimed  the  earth.  In  fact,  she  might  have  taken  some 
valuable  hints  from  other^ister  Commonwealths,  notably 
those  founded  by  her  early  Puritan  rivals,  where  skillful 
and  partisan  historians  have  well  imitated  the  French  cook 
who  can  make  soup  enough  for  twenty  people  out  of  the 
hind  leg  of  a  frog.  Take  any  small  event  in  the  history 
of  one  of  those  States  and  you  will  find  half  a  dozen 
local  historians  who  will  tell  you  all  about  it,  with  no  end 
of  apocryphal  addeuda.  And  then  they  have  such  inimi- 
table adroitness  in  skating  swiftly  over  discreditable 
places,  with  graceful  gestures  to  divert  attention  and 
conceal  the  thinnesss  of  the  ice  and  the  muddy  water 
beneath ! 

Whether  it  is  better  to  be  cleverly  unscrupulous  or 
stupidly  indifferent  to  the  record  of  one's  State,  I  will 


Removal  of  State  Capital.  4& 

Icfivc  to  experts  in  moral  polemics.  The  sins  of  tlio 
literary  sons  of  Maryland  have  been  those  of  omission. 
She  has  liad  scholarly  and  eloquent  men  of  luisurc  and 
fortune,  whose  hrilliancy  and  learning  were  of  the  liigh- 
cst  standard,  and  yet  with  ahundance  of  material  at  hand, 
they  seem  to  have  lacked  either  the  pride,  or  patriotism, 
or  industry,  to  do  what  they  might  liave  done  to  j^laco 
our  State  in  its  proper  position  upon  the  shelves  of  inter- 
esting historical  literature.  Many  valuable  historic  facts 
have  been  hidden  by  rubbish  and  forgotten  ;  they  should 
be  brought  forth  and  given  to  our  people  and  the  people 
of  other  States  in  logical  arrangement  and  attractive 
form.  It  is  not  too  late.  The  history  of  Maryland  is 
brilliant  with  glories  in  forum  and  field — splendid 
examples  in  the  records  of  Church  and  State.  IV'i'haps 
there  is  some  one  in  this  audience  who  will  catch  the 
inspiration  from  this  day's  ])roceedings  and  hereafter 
build  his  own  monument  in  the  history  of  his  native 
State. 

In  103.J,  two  little  vessels,  of  blessed  memory,  the  Ark 
and  tlin  Djve,  brouglit  from  England  into  the  Chesapeako 
Bay  that  small  colony  of  two  hundred  adventurous  eouls 
who  settled  the  |)rovince  of  Maryland.  From  the  first  they 
began  to  build  well.  The  first  oath  taken  by  the  chief 
Governor  of  the  Piovince  in  lOiS,  contained  a  sentenco 
which  has  l)ecu  transmitted  tu  us  in  our  l>ill  of   lii;;ht8 — 


50  Memorial  Volume. 

"I  will  not,  for  fear,  favor,  affection,  or*any  other  canse, 
let,  hinder  or  delay  justice  to  any." 

What  could  liave  induced  these  same  wise  and  far- 
•eceini^  statesmen,  not  much  later  to  have  taken  such 
violent  and  unreasonable  prejudice  against  lawyers  as  to 
have  declared  them  "one  of  the  grand  grievances  of  the 
•colony,"  and  to  have  passed  a  law  in  1G74,  "to  reform 
attorneys,  councillors,  &c.,"  I  can  not  imagine;  indeed,  I 
can  not  see  how  in  the  world,  a  reformed  lawyer,  or  even 
a  regular,  kept  from  starvation,  practicing  law  in  the 
"woods  among  a  few  hundred  scurvy  impecunious 
refugees — I  mean  peaceful,  impoverished  law  abiding 
patriots!  But  lawyers,  like  prophets  and  apostles  and 
doctors,  and  many  other  christian  gentlemen,  have  had  a 
hard  time  of  it  in  all  ages;  and  only  by  the  most 
unremitting  industry  and  devotion  to  duty  and  ducats 
have  they  been  able  to  take  care  of  themselves. 

As  eai'ly  as  1G49,  a  law  was  passed  in  Maryland  that 
"no  one  within  this  province  professing  to  believe  in  Jesus 
Christ  shall  be  any  way,  troubled,  molested  or  discoun- 
tenanced for  his  or  her  religion  or  in  the  free  exercise 
thereof."  Speaking  of  the  early  settlement  of  this 
Colony,  Bancroft  has  said  without  exaggeration — "its 
history  is  the  history  of  benevolence,  gratitude  and 
toleration,"  and  he  elsewhere  says,  "here  religious 
liberty    obtained    a   home,   its   only   home  in  the   wide 


Kemoval  of  State  Capital.  51 

world.  Every  otlicr  country  had  persecutin2;  laws,  till 
tliroiigli  the  benign  administration  of  the  Government 
of  IMaryland,  no  person  professing  to  believe  in  Jesus 
Christ  was  permitted  to  be  molested  on  account  of 
religion."  The  same  celebrated  historian  places  Lord 
Baltimore  among  the  wisest  and  most  benevolent  law- 
givers of  all  ages. 

New  England  was  colonized  by  Puritans  fleeing  from 
persecution,  Maryland  by  Catholics  seeking  religious  free- 
dom, Yii-ginia  by  Episcopalians  of  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land. When  tlic  record  of  each  is  brought  to  light  in 
this  tolerant  age,  Maryland  alone  need  not  be  ashamed. 
The  Episcopalians  of  Virginia  enacted  severe  legislation 
for  tiie  suppression  of  Presbyterians,  Friends,  Pui'itans 
and  other  dissenters,  in  order  to  force  them  out  of  the 
colony.  The  harsher  and  more  cruol  measuix's  of  New 
England  ]*nritans,  with  whom  exile,  scourging,  burning, 
tortue  and  death  were  common  punishments,  arc  familiar 
to  the  readers  of  American  history. 

But  it  is  th(;  pride  of  IVFaryland  (and  if  you  have  heard 
it  often  it  will  not  liariii  you  to  hear  it  again),  that  upon 
her  carh'  history  tlier(!  is  no  such  dark  stain.  At  limes 
sporadic  cases  of  inloleranc(j — the  germs  brought  from 
England  in  their  old  clothes  -  seetned  to  threaten  serious 
disease,  but  the  air  of  Maryland  soon  provcjii  a  religituis 
disinfectant.       'I'hanl<s    to    the   benign    example   of    Lord 


52  Memorial  Volume. 

Baltimore,  with  that  broad  Catholicism  wliich  has  distin- 
guit.hcd  the  history  of  the  State,  the  breath  of  prayer  on 
this  colony  eoon  became  as  fi-cc  as  the  air  of  her  moun- 
tains and  as  pure  as  the  streams  of  her  valleys.  Since 
then  religions  freedom,  tlie  veritable  vine  and  fig  tree 
longed  for  since  the  olden  time,  has  flourished  every- 
where on  this  broad  continent.  From  Maryland,  over 
America — from  America,  over  the  civilized  woild,  lias 
spread  this  docti'inc  of  creed  and  constitution  that  there 
can  be  no  liberty  without  religious  liberty.  Religion  has 
notliing  to  fear  from  liberty  and  reason ;  and  it  is  worthy 
of  note  and  comment,  that  those  States  of  the  Union,  in 
which,  when  provinces,  there  were  the  greatest  intoler- 
ance and  fanaticism,  are  now  the  camping  grounds  of 
scepticism  and  unbelief.  The  world  has  learned,  at  last, 
that  violence  can  not  kill  infidelity  nor  make  faith  uni- 
versal. 

It  was  thus  that  Maryland  was  baptized  in  love  and 
gratitude  as  "The  Land  of  the  Sanctuary."  Higher 
than  titles  of  rank  and  badges  of  honor,  more  signifi- 
cant than  heraldic  motto,  moi'e  noble  than  the  nobility  of 
royaltv,  more  to  be  venerated  than  the  sacred  memory 
which  consecrates  the  iiistory  of  that  old  State  house, 
greatest  of  all  her  trophies  and  gluries,  is  the  simple  and 
graceful  title  which  her  faith  and  toleration  won  for  our 
<rood  old  State,  "The  Land  of  the  Sanctuary." 

c3 


Kemoval  of  State  Capital.  53 

As  yon  have  been  told,  and  will  be  told  again  before 
to-dnj  is  over,  the  seat  of  government  of  the  Maryland 
province  was  in  1G9J:  moved  from  St.  Mary's  to  Anne 
Arundel  town,  which  soon  after  received  the  mere 
euphonious  name  of  Annapolis.  The  population  of 
Maryland  then  was  about  25,000. 

One  of  the  first  acts  of  the  General  Assembly  of  the 
year  1G'J4,  was  the  passage  of  an  act  ''''for  the  advance- 
ment of  learning,''''  by  which  there  was  to  be  a  school, 
some  day  to  ripen  into  a  college  and  then  to  expand  into 
a  University,  "for  the  education  of  the  youth  of  the 
Province  in  good  letters  and  manners^  The  earnest 
founders  of  the  colony  believed  in  the  inspired  truth  of 
that  one  of  the  Proverb?,  (8:1 1.)  "For  Avisdom  is  better 
than  rubies;  and  all  things  that  m:iy  be  desired  are  not 
to  be  Compared  to  it."  The  project  was  beautiful  and 
commendable,  and  we  can  well  fancy  tlic  wise  looks 
upon  the  solenm  faces  of  these  early  law-makers  as  they 
stroked  their  beards  and  voted  "aye"  for  those  wise  and 
pregnant  bills.  It  is  tiiio  that  from  the  high  literary 
standpoint  of  this  age  and  this  audience,  it  may  be 
thought  that  the  membei-s  of  that  august  body  sljghtly 
gave  themselves  away  when  they  defined  the  institution 
they  were  then  organizing  as  "a  free  nchool  for  Latin, 
Greek,  writing  and  the  likey  Put  when  we  pause  and 
linger  over  the  word.-,  and  getat  flic  pur[)(».-e  (tl  tiio.'^e  early 


64  Mkm;)kim,    Volume. 

laws,  our  aniuseincut  Gliaii<;;es  to  admiration  ;  and  when 
wc  strike  lli:it  little  sentence,  "a  free  school,"  we  recall 
with  State  jiride,  the  pleasinj^  fact  that  by  the  act  of 
that  Legislature,  there  was  solemnly  and  wisely  organ- 
ized and  established  the  first  free  school  in  Maryland, 
the  first  free  school  in  America!  There  was  to  bono 
limit  to  its  benefits,  no  patrician  pupilage,  no  sectarian 
restrictions;  but  the  advancement  of  learning,  good  let- 
ters and  manners  was  to  be  free  to  all  the  little  colony  of 
Maryland,  and  within  her  borders  and  for  all  her  people, 
free  religion  and  free  education  were  to  go  hand  in  hand. 
What  State  can  point  to  such  a  combination  so  early  in 
its  history? 

The  institution  thus  established  was,  by  subsequent 
legislation  in  1G96,  called  King  Willian;i's  School,  in 
honor  of  the  King  then  reigning  in  England,  and  may  be 
considered  as  a  younger  brother  of  AVilliani  and  Mary's 
College  then  established  in  Virginia,  but  with  more 
liberal  ideas  as  to  the  freedom  of  education  than  her 
more  aristocratic  neighbor. 

The  new  schoolhouse  for  King  William's  School  was 
built, 'it  seems,  principally  from  donations  of  tobacco,  at 
that  time  the  chief  currency  of  the  province.  I  can 
sympathize  with  the  sad  condition  of  the  colonists,  who 
in  the  absence  of  fiee  silver  were  driven  to  such  straits, 
but  I  am  obstinate  in  the  belief  that  if  those  plain  old 


Removal  of  Stath  Capital.  55 

patriots  had  foreseen  the  diij'  when  tlie  <a(]v;mcemcnt  of 
leaniin<j  and  200<1  manners  in  IS'J-l  would  till  the  at:nos- 
pherc  of  college  halls,  libi-arics  and  pai-lors  with  the  smoke 
and  scent  of  the  omnipresent  and  malodorous  ciii^arette, 
they  would  have  thrown  down  their  old  pipes  in  prophetic 
disma}',  have  left  the  college  unendowed  and  the  school- 
house  unbuilt !  What  they  would  have  tlionght  of  base 
ball  and  foot  ball  as  academic  promoters  of  odncation  and 
civilization,  my  feeble  imagination  fails  to  suggest! 

For  the  further  support  of  free  schools  the  General 
Assembly  laid  an  imposition  on  t!ie  exportation  of  becf^ 
bacon,  bear  skins,  otter,  wildcat,  f')X  and  wolf  bkins,  musk- 
rats,  raccoons  and  irany  other  articles  of  sport  and  [)rotit; 
a  kind  of  primitive  reverse  tarilf  whieh  if  added  to  the 
price  of  the  article,  was  a  sure  way  of  making  the  foreigner 
pay  the  tax.  They  also  had  a  kind  of  tai-ilf  on  importa- 
tions for  the  same  purpose,  but,  as  there  were  no  ".infant 
industries"  then,  it  was  pur(*ly  a  tariff  for  revenue.  At 
any  rate  our  forbi'ars  were  detei'inined  to  have  free  schools, 
ami  they  knew  how  to  i-aise  the  money  to  support  them; 
nor  did  they  have  any  dead  locks,  iilibusteiings  and  bad 
blood  ovei"  the  way  in  \\hich  it  was  done. 

King  William's  School,  tlius  fountled  with  praycifiil 
endeavors  and  high  hopes,  con'.inned  its  work  with  more 
or  less  success  tmtil  the  outbreak  of  the  Kevoliition. 
Then   Latin,  Greek  and  good   manneis  went  to  the  rear 


50  Memorial  Volume. 

as  teacliers  and  students  were  called  to  the  front,  and, 
instead  of  stiidyino^  history,  hep^an  to  mahc  it.  For  the 
time  the  schoolhonse  was  deserted,  and  the  advancement 
of  learning  collapsed.  After  the  Revolntion  was  over, 
it  revived  in  a  feeble  and  bloodless  sort  of  way,  but,  as 
King  William's  School,  it  never  again  got  successfully  to 
work. 

In  1T84-,  the  General  Assembly  of  Maryland  incorpo- 
rated and  founded  St.  John's  College  at  Annapolis,  and 
the  following  year  legislated  all  the  property,  funds,  mas- 
ters and  scholars  of  King  William's  School  into  it.  We 
all  know  after  whom  KingWillam's  School  was  named, 
but  whether  St.  John's  owes  its  beautifnl  name  to  St.  John 
the  Baptist,  or  St.  John  the  evangelist,  I  iind  no  record, 
and  must  leave  the  question  to  be  solved  by  theological 
antiquaiiaus.  From  the  bountiful  -supply  of  water  in  tlic 
vicinity,  I  am  disposed  to  think  that  some  of  the  special 
followers  of  the  Baptist  had  a  hand  in  that  patronymic 
legislation  and  wanted  future  scholais  to  be  kept  clean  in 
flesh  as  well  as  in  faith.  I  do  not,  however,  insist  upon 
this  suggestion,  for  I  remember  that  among  the  first  pro- 
moters and  patrons  of  St.  John's  College  weie  the 
Catholic  Bishop  of  Baltimore,  the  Episcopal  Bishop  of 
Maryland,  the  highest  Presb3-terian  cl-ei'gyman  in  the 
State,  and  so  far  as  I  know,  there  was  not  a  Baptist 
preacher  in  tlie  Commonwealth.     Be  that   as  it  may,  it 


Removal  of  State   Capital.  57 

was  a  fair  omen  of  the  College  to  have  it  begin  its 
career  under  the  auspices  of  so  much  sectarian  lihei-ality, 
and,  if  it  has  not  flourished,  as  it  should  have  done,  it  was 
not  for  the  want  of  ample  blessings  at  the  stai't.  It 
should  have  been  considered  another  good  omen,  that  on 
the  day  the  College  was  first  formally  opened,  on  the 
11th  of  November,  1780,  Francis  Scott  Key  was  enrolled 
as  a  student  "for  instruction  in  learning  and  virtue." 
He  afterwards  wrote  his  name  on  our  flag,  and  there  it 
will  remain  forever.  Not  a  hundred  years  old,  modern 
patriots  may  call  it  "Old  Glory,"  but  it  has  been 
baptized  in  all  history,  song  and  story  as  the  "Star- 
Spangled  Banner."  F<jllowing  him  comes  a  lung  list  of 
men.  eminent  in  State  and  Nation,  prominent  in  art, 
science,  litei'ature  and  all  the  professions,  who,  as  alumni 
of  St.  John's  College,  have  lived  and  died  in  affectionate 
regard  f<jr  her  as  their  alma  mater. 

1  am  iiiiprt'S!-cd  with  tlie  ('(invictioii  that  it  was  unfor- 
tunate and  most  injurious  that  St.  .lohiTs  College  was 
fi-om  the  l)eginning  so  closely  comiected  with  the  State 
Jlou.se  and  State  (iovcrnment.  Very  eai'ly  its  (lovernons 
and  Jjuar<ls  of  V^lsitors  learned,  too  easily,  to  i)ut  their 
truht  in  princes  and  to  look  to  tlu;  State  llou^c  for  aid 
and  encouragement.  This  proved  to  be  delusive  and 
unwise.  There  arc  other  things  legislatures  take  moro 
interest    in   than    the   advancement  of  leai'ning,  and   tho 


58  MiMOKI.M-     Vol.LMK. 

average  local  statesman  is  apt  to  meet  the  appeal  of  tlio 
professor  in  the  spirit  of  that  distinguished  praclical 
politician  of  Pennsylvania,  whose  denunciation  of  those 
"damned  literaiy  fellows'^  excited  the  wide-spread 
sj-mpathj  of  the  craft ! 

Originally  St.  JulnrsCollege  had  fair  promises  from 
the  State.  An  early  legislatui-e  by  solemn  contract  en- 
dowed her  with  an  annuity  of  $8,750,  to  be  paid  '•annu- 
ally and  forever."  At  that  time  it  was  a  goodly  sum  of 
money  and  created  high  hopes  and  unreasonable  expecta- 
tions. Soon  after  and  just  when  the  money  was  most 
needed,  a  subsequent  legislature,  in  violation  of  a  plain 
principle  of  constitutional  law,  broke  this  contract 
between  the  State  and  the  College  and  repealed  the 
annuity.  The  Court  of  Appeals  denounced  the  technical 
violation  of  the  Constitution,  but  refused  the  College  an 
effective  remedy.  Since  then  the  College  has  i)een  almost 
annually  standing  at  the  doors  of  the  legislature,  some- 
times receiving  fair  and  liberal  treatment,  but  often  little 
aid  and  scant  courtes}'.  The  situation  led  at  times  to 
questionable  expedients,  among  others  to  the  Act  of 
1S21,  by  which  the  College  was  authorized  to  raise 
$20,000  for  its  uses  by  a  lottery.  Such  a  scheme  was  a 
moral  blight  upon  the  College,  for  ganibling  can  hardly 
be  considered  a  ci-edi table  and  effective  instrument  for 
the  "  advancement  of  leaining  and  virtue." 


Removal  of  State  Capitai,.  59 

It  may  be  that,  at  first,  with  a  scanty  population  and 
very  limited  means,  State  aid  was  necessary  to  give  the 
institution  a  start  in  life.  But  in  more  recent  years  the 
people  of  the  State  should  have  taken  hold  of  its  fortunes 
as  a  matter  of  State  pride.  Colleges  and  universities  arc 
everywhere,  rich  and  full  of  students.  Men  have  given 
of  their  wealth  to  them,  have  founded  and  established 
them.  How  few  of  them  have  either  history  or  age  or 
any  claim  upon  patriotic  pride.  Public  spirit,  individual 
enterprise  and  private  aid  have  made  them  a  success. 
Men  with  a  genius  for  business  have  taken  them  in  hand, 
have  enlisted  individual  donations,  demanded  the  atten- 
tion of  the  public,  and  by  industry  and  enthusiasm  have 
pushed  them  to  fortune.  Why  was  this  not  done  right 
here?  What  college  seat  has  more  patriotic  associations 
than  this  ancient  city  of  Annapolis?  AVhere  could  a 
better  situation  bo  found  for  a  Univer.-;ify  tlian  on  this 
Chesapeake  Bay?  What  people  in  all  these  States  gave 
such  early  evidence  of  tlieir  devotion  to  the  cause  of 
education  as  those  of  the  province  of  Maryland?  Hero 
in  this  Commonwenlth,  where  before  the  foundation  of 
yonder  high-domed  capitol  was  laid,  free  religion  was 
proclaimed  for  uU  her  people;  here  in  this  town,  where, 
in  King  William's  Free  School,  free  ednealion  wiis  con- 
ceived and  born  and  transmitted  with  lofty  hopes  and 
aspirations    to    the    College   of    St.    John's,    before    our 


-60  Memouial  Volume. 

patriotic  fathers  ever  clrcnmed  of  that  coming  republic, 
where  free  religion  and  free  education  would  he  the 
inheritance  of  70,000,000  of  people ;  here  in  this  State 
And  in  this  city  should  live  and  flourish  a  great  institution 
of  learning  worthy  of  the  State,  worthy  of  its  history 
and  worthy  of  the  traditions  of  its  people ;  a  great 
university  with  inviting  doors,  swinging  wide  to  the 
yonth  of  all  the  land,  and  a  store-house  of  that  virtuous 
learning  which  fathers  and  mothers  are  seeking  for  their 
rods! 

Why  cannot  this  be  ! 

1  am  Tiot  a  graduate  of  St.  John's  nor  a  Marylandcr  by 
birth,  but  I  know  something  of  the  history  of  this  State, 
and  I  would  like  to  see  a  college  on  these  grounds  that 
would  represent  and  realize  her  caily  aspirations  in  the 
■cause  of  education.  I  would  like  to  see  its  campus  full 
of  students,  its  library  full  of  books,  its  inanagement  full 
of  hope.  I  would  like  to  see  those  wide  swinging  doors 
I  speak  of,  and  read  from  one  this  inscription,  done  in 
letters  of  silver:  "Within  these  walls  still  lives  the 
spirit  of  our  good  fathers,  who,  two  centuries  ago,  laid 
the  first  foimdation  of  free  education  on  this  continent, 
and  with  the  torch  of  knowledge  lighted  the  way  to 
American  freedom  and  independence;"  and,  on  the 
■other,  this  in  letters  of  o;old :     "More  than  two  hundred 


Removal  of  State   Capital. 


61 


years  ago,  the  new  peoi)lcof  tins  colony  who  had  given  to 
the  world  and  mankind  the  lirst  edict  for  free  religion, 
founded  this  school  that  she  might  preserve  for  all  time 
the  eacrcd  recoi'd,  and  scatter  through  all  the  lands  by 
licr  pupils  this  sacred  truth,  that  through  the  eaily  hless- 
ings  of  prayer  and  education,  Mai-yland  was  called  '^^The 
Laud  of  the  Sanctuary.'" 


flistcrical  Address  on  St  Mary's  Kity, 

Tlie  First  Capital  of  Maryland^  delivered  at  Annap- 
olis, Md.,  March  5,  ISOJ^,  hj 

MR.    JAMES    W.    THOMAS, 

On  the  Occasion  of  the  Celebration  of  the  Two  Hun- 
dredth Anniversary  of  the  Removal  of  the  Capital 
from  St.  Mary''s  to  Annapolis^  Ijy  invitation  of 
the  City  of  Annapolis  and  St.  John^s  College. 


As  tlio  place  of  fii'st  permanent  settlement  of  the 
Marjland  colony;  as  the  scat  of  Maryland's  first  pro- 
vincial capital;  as  the  theatre  of  our  infant  struggles; 
and  as  the  cradle  of  our  civil  and  our  religions  liberty, 
the  history  of  St. ^Mary's  city  is  invested  with  peculiar 
interest  and  special  inspiration  ;  and,  even  though  but 
briefly  outlined,  possesses  singular  appropriateness  as  a 
part  of  these  ceremonies, 

St.  Mary's  cit}-,  the  first  capital  of  Maryland,  was 
situated  on  the  east  side  of  the  St.  Mary's  liver,  a  tribu- 
tary of  the  Potomac,  about  five  miles  from  its  mouth, 
and  sixteen  miles  from  Point  Lookout,  the  southern 
extremity  of  the  western  shoi'e  of  Maryland. 


63  Removal  of   State  Capital. 

A  gentle  slope  from  the  eastern  hills,  then  a  spacious 
plateau  of  singular  beaut}',  elevated  about  fifty  feet  above 
the  water,  and  terminating  in  a  bold  bluff  between  two 
broad  expanses  of  the  river,  formed  the'sitc  of  the  city. 

A  crescent-shaped  indentation,  made  by  this  bluff  and 
a  long  headland  about  a  mile  lower  down  the  river,  gave 
the  city  a  capacious  harbor. 

The  river  skii-ted  two  sides  of  the  town,  afforded  depth 
and  security  of  navigation,  and  adding  beauty  aud  gran- 
deur to  its  other  attractions,  made  the  situation  of  St. 
Mary's  one  of  surpassing  loveliness. 

A  river,  possessing  more  enchanting  scenery  than  the 
St.  Mary's,  may  not  easily  be  found,  and,  at  no  point 
along  its  banks,  is  this  displayed  to  greater  advantage 
than  at  the  site  of  old  St.  Mary's. 

This  ancient  city  occupied  the  site  of  the  Indian 
village  of  "  Yaocomico,"  at  which  place  the  Maryland 
colony  \vas  induced  to  settle  by  the  glowing  description 
of  (Japlain  Henry  Fleet,  son  of  a  member  of  the  Vir- 
ginia company,  whose  familiarity  with  the  country  gave 
his  opinion  importance  and  weight,  and  who  described  it 
as  a  location  desirable  alike,  for  its  connnanding  commer- 
cial advantages  and  its  safety  of  defense,  as  well  for  its 
temporary  improvements  and  its  natural  beauty  and 
attractiveness,  or  in  his  own  language," a  spot  indeed  so 
charming  in  its  situation  that  Europe  itself  can  scarcely 


C4  Memorial   Volume. 

show  one  to  snr]inss  it."  An  inspection  of  tlic  place  con- 
vinced the  colony  of  its  superior  litness,  and  that  an 
entry  there  could  be  easily  and  safely  made,  owing  to  the 
fact  that  the  Yaoconiicos,  to  avoid  the  Susquehanocks,  a 
more  powciful  tribe,  and  their  enemy,  were  then  prepar- 
ing to  abdicate  and  move  higher  up  the  countiy. 

The  colony,  to  avoid  "every  appearance  of  injustice 
and  afford  no  oppoilunity  for  liostility"  on  the  part  of 
the  Indians,  waived  all  questions  of  right  or  superior 
power  in  the  premises,  and  bought  their  town  and  terri- 
tor}',  giving  in  exchange  connnodities,  useful  in  their 
kind  and  satisfactory  to  the  natives. 

Much  historical  encomium  lias  been  lavished  upon 
William  Penn  for  his  famous  treaty  with  the  Sliacka- 
maxon  Indians  for  the  land  on  which  the  city  of  Phila- 
delphia stands,  but  it  should  here  be  said,  that  neither 
the  annals  of  Pennsylvania,  or  of  any  other  American 
colony,  present  a  more  conspicuous  example  of  humanity 
and  ju^tice  toward  the  aboi-igiiies,  than  is  portrayed  in 
the  spirit  which  animated  Maryland  on  that  occasion,  and 
indeed  throughout  in  that  regard,  and  it  should,  with 
equal  justice,  adorn  the  pages  of  its  history. 

The  landing  having  been  made  with  as  much  formality 
as  circumstances  would  permit.  Governor  Calvert,  on  the 
27ih  of  March,  1G34,  with  appropriate  ceremonies,  pro- 


Removal  of  State  Capital.  C5 

claimed   formal   possessiou  of  Maryland,  and  named  its 
first  town  St.  Mark's. 

"Then  and  tlius,"  it  has  been  well  said,  "landed  the 
pilgrims  of  Maryland,  and  then  and  thus  were  laid  the 
foundations  of  the  old  city  of  St.  Mary's  and  of  our 
present  State.  The  landing  of  the  pilgrims  of  New- 
England  has  been  the  burden  of  many  a  story  and  the 
theme  of  many  an  oration.  Tlie  very  rock  upon  which 
their  feet  were  first  planted  is  consecrated  in  the  estima- 
tion of  their  descendants,  and  its  relics  arc  enshrined  as 
objects  of  holy  regard.  They  were  freemen  in  search  of 
freedom;  they  found  it  and  transmitted  it  to  their  pos- 
terity. It  becomes  us  therefore  to  tread  lightly  upon 
their  ashes.  Yet,  while  we  would  avoid  all  invidious 
contrasts  and  forget  the  stern  spirit  of  the  Puritan,  which 
so  often  mistook  religious  intolerance  for  holy  zeal,  we 
can  turn  with  exaltation  to  the  pilgrims  of  Maryland  as 
the  founders  of  religious  liberty  in  the  new  woild.  They 
erected  the  first  altar  to  it  on  this  continent;  and  the  fires 
first  kindled  on  it  ascended  to  Heaven  amid  the  blessings 
of  the  savage." 

The  earliest  instructions  from  Lord  Baltimore  with 
reference  to  the  first  Maryland  town,  were  that  its  loca- 
cation  should  bo  selected  witii  due  regard  to  "health  and 
fruitfulness"  and  to  facilities  f(jr  "fortification"  and  "con- 
venience for  trade."  The  town  located,  it  was  to  be  laid 
6 


6fi  Mkmokiai-  Volume. 

ont  into  "lots,"  with  coiiveiiient  "streets"  and  lanes  on 
wliich  tlio  buildings  were  to  be  erected  "in  line"  "near 
adjoining  one  to  another,"  and  to  be  built  in  as  "decent 
and  uniform  a  manner"  as  circumstances  would  permit; 
•llie  land  in  tlie  rear  of  the  houses  "to  be  assigned  for 
gardens  and  such  nses;"  the  first  choice  of  lots  to  be  for 
a  "fit  place  and  a  competent  quantity  of  ground  for  a 
fort,"  and  near  it.  a  site  for  a  "convenient  house  and  a 
•church  or  chapel  adjacent,"  for  the  "seat  of  his  Lordship 
■or  his  Governor." 

TJndisturbed  for  several  years  either  by  domestic  fac- 
tions or  external  dissensions,  St.  Mary's,  for  a  colonial 
town,  grew  with  considerable  rapidity.  Brick  and  other 
'builders'  supplies  were  imported,  which,  with  the  homo 
iproducts  available  for  the  purpose,  afforded,  from  an 
early  period,  abundant  building  material. 

While  Virginia,  it  is  said,  as  late  as  1638,  was  making 
its  laws  in  an  ale  house,  and  indeed,  in  1716,  its  capital 
contained  only  "a  church,  court  house  and  four  other 
buildings,"  St.  Mary's,  in  a  comparatively  short  time 
after  its  settlement,  had,  besides  the  homo  of  Lord  Bal- 
timore, a  church,  a  pretentious  State  House,  a  jail  and 
other  public  offices,  and  about  thirty  houses.  Soon  there- 
after, it  had  sixty  houses,  protected  by  two  forts,  St. 
Mary's  and  St.  Inigoes,  each  well  mounted  with  tho 
ordnance  of  that  day. 


Removal  of  State  Capital.  C7 

As  the  place  for  liolding  the  General  Assemblies,  the 
seat  of  the  Provincial  Court,  and  the  port  where  all  ships 
trading  Avith  the  Province  had  first  to  resort,  St.  Mary's 
soon  became  a  place  of  importance,  and,  in  1GG8,  it  was 
by  letters  patent,  incorporated  and  erected  into  a  city, 
with  privileges  and  immunities  above  and  beyond  any 
other  place  in  the  Province.  Its  officers  consisted  of  a 
mayor,  recorder,  six  aldermen  and  ten  councilinen,  and 
among  its  special  prerogatives,  were  those  of  a  "weekly 
market"  and  an  "annual  fair,"  to  the  latter  of  which  the 
ancient  "Court  of  Pipoudre"  was  an  incident. 

In  ICTl,  St.  Mary's  received  a  new  accession  to  its 
privileges,  that  of  sending  two  representatives  to  the 
General  Assembly,  of  whom  the  lirst  were  Pobert 
Carvill,  subsequently  Attorney-General,  and  Thomas 
Notley,  afterwards  Governor  of  Maryland. 

It  is  to  be  regretted  that  no  map  or  plan  of  St.  Mary's 
was  ever  made,  or,  at  least,  is  not  extant.  Tiie  old  city, 
except  in  name  and  in  memory,  has  long  since  passed 
awaj',  and  tliere  is  apparently  no  data  fi-om  which  a  com- 
plete drawing  can,  at  this  d;iy,  be  made. 

From  original  surveys  and  grants,  however,  and  ancient 
boundaries  and  land-marks,  still  visible,  the  general  out- 
lines of  the  city,  and  the  location  of  its  principal  public 
and  more  ])roiriinent  piivate  buildings,  are  still  susceptible 
of  accurate  identitication. 


68  Memouial  Volume. 

Tho  plain,  upon  which  St.  ]\rary's  stood,  was  about  a 
mile  square,  the  limit  presciihed  by  its  charter,  with  a 
water  front  made  extensive  by  the  many  and  acute 
meanderings  of  the  river.  Upon  this  plateau  the  houses, 
which  passed  through  the  "various  stages  of  architectural 
transition"  from  the  log  cabin  to  the  substantial  frame 
and  brick  building,  were  scattered  irregularly,  the  lots 
being  unsymmctrically  arranged,  of  irregular  size  and 
large,  none  of  them  being  less  than  a  quarter  of  an  acre, 
and  many  of  them  large  enough  for  extensive  grounds 
and  gardens  sufiiciently  capacious  to  supply  the  needs  of 
the  household. 

A  description  of  the  location  and  architecture,  even  of 
the  principal  buildings  at  St.  Mary's,  would  not  be  with- 
in the  s3ope  of  this  address.  It  may,  however,  be 
proper  to  sa}',  that  the  improvement  consisted  of  its  fort 
or  palissado,  which,  though  a  rude  structure  when  com- 
pared with  those  of  more  modern  date,  was  solidly  built 
and  well  enough  mounted  to  protect  the  inhabitants 
against  the  warfare  of  that  day;  its  massive  and  digniticd 
State  House,  with  its  thick  walls,  tile  roof  and  paved 
floors;  its  stout  jail,  with  its  iron-barred  windows;  its 
market-house,  warehouses  and  several  ordinaries;  its 
unique  brick  chapel,  the  victim  of  the  anti-Catholic  per- 
secution of  later  times;  its  quaint  Protestant  church;  its 
pretentious  and  fortress-like  executive  mansion,  which, 


Removal  of  State  Capital.  '  09 

^'itli  its  offices,  private  liouscs  and  shops,  of  vai'ied  archi- 
tectural dci-i^n,  iiuinbering,  it  is  said,  about  sixty,  and 
scattered  over  the  elevated,  but  level,  plain,  studded,  we 
are  told,  \vith  primeval  forest  trees,  constituted  the 
picturesque  little  metropolis  of  early  Maryland. 

The  first  General  Assembly  held  in  Maryland  met  at 
St.  Mary's  on  the  2Cth  of  February,  1G35.  The  acts  of 
this  session  Baltimore  refused  to  approve,  because,  as  ho 
claimed,  the  li^ht  to  originate  laws  resided  under  the 
charter  exclusively  in  himself,  the  power  of  the  Assembly 
being  limited  to  assent  and  dissent  to  such  as  he  pro- 
pounded. The  freemen  of  Maryland,  convinced  that 
they  possessed  equal  and  eo-oi-dinate  rights  in  matters  of 
legislation,  with  the  Proprietary,  with  the  courage  of  their 
conviction,  vindicated  their  position,  by  rejecting  at  the 
next  session  of  the  Assembly,  the  whole  body  of  bills 
drafted  and  submitted  by  him  for  their  adoption,  and 
enacted  in  their  stead,  a  code  which  emanated  from 
themselves,  though  substantially  the  same  as  the  one  that 
be  had  propounded. 

After  this  the  right. of  the  Assembly  to  initiate  legis- 
lation was  not  contested,  and  the  riglit  of  the  Proprietary 
was,  in  [)ractice,  limited  to  his  veto. 

It  should  here  be  said  that  the  legislation  enacted  at 
this  and  the  succeeding  sessions  of  the  Assembly,  during 
the  sixty -one  years   in  which    St.  ISIary's   was  the  scat  of 


To  Memorial  Voldme, 

government,  forms,  to  a  great  extent,  tlie  foundation  and 
outlines  of  the  present  legal,  civil  and  social  structure  of 
Maryland,  and  of  some  of  its  most  cherished  institutions. 

It  was  then  and  there  that  the  great  struggle  for 
popular  sovereignty,  between  the  bold  and  courageous 
yoemanrj  of  Maryland  and  the  Lord  Proprietary,  Avas 
inaugurated,  and  which  resulted  in  setting  upon  a  iirm 
foundation  that  principle  which  formed  the  basis  of 
Maryland's  early  system  of  free  self-government,  and 
which,  "in  process  of  time  and  in  course  of  events," 
developed  into  a  reality  the  sublime  doctrine  of  con- 
stitutional liberty. 

It  was  also  by  the  legislation  then  and  there  enacted, 
that  the  famous  "Toleration  Act,"  giving  legal  sanction  to 
liberty  of  conscience,  which  shed  such  brilliant  renown 
upon  the  legislative  annals  of  Maryland,  which  won  for 
it  the  name  of  the  "Land  of  the  Sanctuary,"  and  which 
extended  to  all,  whatever  their  religious  belief  or  form 
of  worship,  "shelter,  protection  and  repose,"  becamo 
engrafted  by  law  upon  its  government. 

Though  religious  toleration  had  existed  in  practice  in 
Maryland  from  its  earliest  settlement,  it  had  never  been 
made  the  subject  of  legislative  enactment,  and  to  the 
General  Assembly  of  1649,  does  this,  "the  proudest 
memorial"  of  Maryland's  colonial  history,  belong. 


Removai.  of   State  Capital.  Tl 

"Iliglier  than  all  titles  and  badges  of  honor,"  and  more 
exalted  than  royal  nobility,  is  the  imperishable  distinc- 
tion which  the  passage  of  this  broad  and  liberal  act  won 
for  Maryland,  and  for  the  members  of  that  never-tobe- 
forgottcn  session,  and  ea.cve(}  forever  he  the  hallowed  spot 
which  gave  it  hirth  ! 

Cut,  besides  being  the  historic  battle-tield  of  Mary- 
land's early  struggles  for  political  freedom,  and  the  scene- 
of  its  first  legislative  confirmation  of  religions  peaee^ 
St.  Mary's  presents  in  its  history,  as  the  capital  and 
metropolis  of  the  province,  all  the  "glowing  incidents 
and  martial  virtues"  which  characterized  and  gave 
inspiration  to  that  eventful  and  heroic  period — the  period 
in  Maryland's  history  which  has  truly  been  styled  "the 
golden  age  of  its  colonial  existence;"  the  period  iu 
which  the  foundations  of  its  government  were  being 
broadly  and  deeply  laid;  the  period  of  its  great  political 
turmoils,  and  religious  agitations;  the  period  in  which 
the  defiant  spirit  and  persistent  rebellion  of  Clayborne; 
the  artful  sedition  and  destructive  warfare  of  Ingle; 
the  reflex  action  upon  Maryland  of  England's  parliamen- 
tary disturbances,  resulting  in  the  usurpation  of  the 
Proprietary  rights;  the  turbulence  and  the  ascendancy 
of  the  Puiitan,  whose  reign  was  eo  conspicuous  for  its 
political  proscription  of  those  who  hospitably  received 
and  generously  treated  them  when  outcast  and  homeless. 


79  AIkmorial    Voi.UMlO. 

and  of  t:cctarian  pcM'sccutioii  of  those  wlio  did  not  wor- 
ship at  the  altar  of  their  religions  slirine;  the  repeated 
efforts  of  the  Proprietary  to  reduce  them  to  subjection, 
beginniiii^  with  the  memorable  battle  upon  the  Severn, 
and  cndiuf;  only  with  the  turn  of  affairs  in  England, 
which  took  fi'om  them  their  moral  support;  the  rii-c  and 
fall  of  the  intriguing  and  ambitious  Fcndall,  the  Crom- 
well of  ■  ^Nfaryland ;  the  introduction  of  the  printing 
press,  that  emblem  of  liberty  which  was  not  found  in 
an}-  other  American  Colony;  the  embroiling  designs  and 
the  insurrection  of  the  a]iostate  Coode ;  the  Protestant 
revolution  of  IGSO;  the  fall  of  the  Proprietary  govern- 
ment; the  administration  of  affairs  by  the  representatives 
of  the  Crown,  and  tl:e  establishment  of  the  Church  of 
England,  by  law,  in  the  province,  all  pass  in  review,  and 
stand  in  "characteristic  light  and  shade"  upon  its  historic 
panorama. 

On  the  ninth  of  June,  1G4:7,  Governor  Leonard  Cal- 
vert, at  the  early  age  of  forty,  died  at  St.  Mary's,  wher^ 
Lis  remains  still  repose  under  its  revered  and  holy  soil. 
Of  the  life  and  character  of  Leonard  Calvert,  historians 
Lave  said  but  little.  While  there  is  no  desire  to 
■detract  from  the  unfading  lustre  which  they  have 
accoided  to  the  Proprietaries  of  Maryland,  truth  and 
justice  alike  demand,  that,  of  the  pioneer  Governor  of 
the  Province,  and  the  founder  of  St.  Mary's,  it  should 


Removal  of  State   Captial.  73 

here  be  said,  that,  lie,  avIio  left  liis  native  land  to  load  the 
pilgrim  colony  to  Maryland  ;  he,  \vlio  faced  the  perils 
and  dan2:crs  and  stoc;d  the  heat  and  lire  of  stoi'in  and 
battle  which  so  often  darkened  its  earlj'  colonial  days; 
be,  who  iirst  proclaimed,  and  laid  in  practice  those 
fundamental  piinciples  which  underlie  the  priceless  boon 
of  liberty  of  conscience;  he,  who,  with  niitiiin^  energy, 
fidelity  and  zeal,  devoted  the  best  years  of  his  life  to  the 
development  and  glory  of  Maryland,  and  to  the  pros- 
perity and  happiness  of  its  citizens;  he,  whose  undaunted 
courage  and  wise  and  liberal  statesmanship,  arc  so  closely 
associated  with  the  foundation,  eai'ly  growth  and  i>erma- 
nent  establishment  of  Maryland,  should  stand  upon  the 
pages  of  history  no  less  distinguished  and  renowned,  as 
long  as  valiant  service  to  eai-ly  Mai-yland  has  an  admirer, 
or  civil  and  religions  libei'ty  a  friend. 

Of  the  Protestant  Revolution  of  ir)8'>,  its  causes  and 
effect:*,  and  in  which  St.  ^Mary's  was  the  theatre  of  action, 
but  little  can  be  s:iid  within  the  liuiits  of  this  address. 
SulKce  it  to  say,  that  it  ivsulted  in  the  e\acuution  of  St. 
Mary's,  the  downfall  of  the  Pi-oprietary  government,  the 
subjugation  of  JMai-yhind  by  the  Revolutionists,  the 
assumi)tion  of  political  control  of  the  Province  by  the 
Crown,  and  hence  the  establishment  at  St.  Clary's  of  a 
royal  government  in  INFaryland,  one  of  the  lii.st  ollicial 
acts    of    whi(;h,     was    that    of    overthrowing    religious 


74  Mi'.MOKTAL    Volume. 

freedom — so  long  the  pride  of  ]\[;\ryUnd,  and  consti- 
tuting, by  law,  the  Church  of  EngUmd  as  the  established 
church  ()f  the  Province. 

In  1G04,  Francis  Nicholson,  of  Virginia,  became 
Governor  of  Maryland,  and  signalized  his  induction  into 
office  by  sounding  the  death  knell  of  St.  Mary's. 

He  summoned  an  Assembly  to  convene,  not  at  St. 
Mary's,  but  at  Anne  Arundel  Town,  now  Annapolis. 
This  act  "fore-shadowed  the  doom"  of  St.  Mary't^,  and  at 
that  session  of  the  Assemblj^  the  removal  of  the  capital 
was  determined  upon. 

The  consternation  which  St.  Mary's  felt  at  this  sudden, 
and  to  it,  disastrous,  riiovemcnt,  can  well  be  understood. 
It  solemnly  protested,  pathetically  appealed  and  gra- 
ciousl}'  offered  through  its  mayor,  recorder,  aldermen  and 
council,  in  which,  after  dwelling  upon  the  ancient  rights 
of  the  old  city,  sustained  by  long  enjoyment  and  con- 
firmed in  the  most  solemn  manner  by  Lord  Baltimore, 
and  upon  the  advantages  of  a  site,  with  a  commodious 
harbor  and  a  beautiful  and  pleasant  situation^  they  pro- 
posed to  obviate  its  alleged  difficulties  of  access,  but  all 
to  no  purpose.  Governor  Nicholson  had  moved  the 
capital  of  Virginia  from  its  ancient  seat  to  AVilliamsburg, 
and  had  come  to  Maryland  resolved  upon  the  same 
course  towards  St.  Mary's.  lie  went  through  the  form 
of  submitting  the  address  of  the  town  officials   to   the 


Removal  of  Statk  Caimtal  75 

Assembly,  from  ulicncc  it  was  returned  to  him — whose 
wishes  probably  M-erc  well  understood — with  a  reply  con- 
ppicnons  only  for  its  vindietivc  spiiit,  bitter  aciiniony  and 
extreme  cnai-seness,  in  which  they  ridiculed  the  idea  of 
being  bound  by  propiietary  promises,  denied  the  advan- 
tages of  St.  Mary's,  mocked  at  its  calamities,  laughed  at 
its  proposals,  and  Ecorn fully  declined  further  consideration 
of  the  subject.  .  • 

In  February,  1G05,  he  ordered  the  archives  and  records 
to  be  I'emoved  from  St.  Mary's  and  to  be  delivered  to  the 
Sheriff  of  Anne  Arundel  Town.  This  was  accordingly 
done,  and  on  the  28th  of  February,  1GD5,  the  General 
Assembly  began  its  first  session  at  tlie  present  capital  of 
Maryland. 

The  reason  alleged  for  this  change,  was  that  St.  Mary's, 
being  on  the  verge  of  the  Province,  was  difficult  of  access 
to  the  masses  of  the  people.  This  may  not  liave  been 
altogether  without  weight,  but  it  was  more  probably  due 
to  the  fierce  political  struggle  and  the  bitter  sectarian 
strife,  which  existed  there  at  that  time — between  the 
advocates  of  the  Proprietary  and  the  adherents  of  the 
King — between  the  church  of  England  and  the  ehurcli 
of  Rome. 

It  was,  Bays  Maryland's  most  eminent  historian,  Mc- 
Mahon,  "the  interest  of  the  new  government,  to  destroy, 
as  far  as  possible,  the  cherished   recollections  which  were 


76  Mj;:m()Kiai,    Volume. 

associated  uith  tlic  departed  Proprietary  power;  and 
there  was  no  object  so  inteitwined  with  all  these 
recollections,  as  this  ancient  citj,  consecrated  by  the  land- 
ing of  the  colonists,  endeared  to  the  natives  as  the  first 
homo  of  their  fathers,  and  exhibiting  at  every  step  the 
inonniiients  of  that  gentle  and  liberal  administration, 
which  had  called  up  a  thriving  colony  out  of  the  once 
trackless  wilderness.  The  Catholics  of  the  colony  dwelt 
princi|)ally  in  that  section  of  it;  and  nndcr  the  joint 
operation  of  these  cause?,  it  had  been  distinguished  dur- 
ing all  the  troubles  consequent  upon  the  civil  wars  in 
England,  by  its  unshaken  attachment  to  the  Proprietary. 
Without  these  considerations  to  promj)t  the  removal,  the 
recollections  and  the  attachments,  which  centre  the  feel- 
ings of  a  people  in  an  ancient  capital,  would  probably 
have  conti'ibuted  to  preserve  it  as  such;  until,  by  the 
denseness  of  the  population,  and  the  increasing  facilities 
for  traveling  thereby  afforded  to  the  remote  sections  of 
the  State,  the  objection  to  its  location  would  have  been 
in  a  great  measure  obviated,  and  the  city  of  St.  Mary's 
would  at  this  day  have  been  the  seat  of  our  State  gov- 
ernment. The  excitement  of  the  moment  made  its 
claims  to  recollection  cogent  reasons  for  its  destruction, 
and  the  public  convenience  came  in  as  the  sanction." 

After  St.   Mary's  ceased   to  be  the  capital  of  the  Pro- 
vince, it  soon  began  to  decline.     The   removal   of  the 


Removal  of  Statk  Capital.  7T 

government  officials  in  itself,  serionsij  diminished  its 
population,  and,  in  1708,  it  ceased  alto  to  be  the  connty 
seat  of  St.  Mary's  county,  the  last  symbol  of  its  official 
character.  The  same  year  it  lost  its  pi*ivilcge  of  sending 
delegates  to  the  General  Assembly,  and  soon  after  lost 
its  rank  as  a  citj'. 

No  longer  the  commercial  emporium  of  the  Province, 
with  no  manufacturing  interests  at  that  day  to  sustain 
its  vitality,  and  completely  stripped  of  its  official  impor- 
tance, it  was  left  without  means  of  support.  Its  popula- 
tion gradually  departed;  its  old  fort  sank  to  the  level  of 
the  earth;  its  houses — one  by  one — fell  to  ruin,  and  in 
a  comparatively  short  tims  nothing  remained,  save  <he 
old  State  House  and  a  few  of  the  more  durable  buildings, 
the  latter  used  as  homesteads  for  the  farms  into  which 
the  site  of  the  old  city  became  converted.  In  1G95,  permis- 
sion was  given  the  Justices  of  St.  Mary's  county  to  use 
the  State  House  for  a  court  house  and  church,  and  in 
1720,  the  title  to  it,  and  the  "Public  Lot,"  which  con- 
tained about  three  acres,  by  Act  of  Assend»ly,  became 
vested  in  the  '"Kcctor  and  Vestry  of  William  and  Mary 
Parish,  and  their  successors,  in  fee  simple,  for  the  use  of 
the  Parish  forever."  It  continued  to  be  used  as  a  church 
for  more  than  a  century;  but,  in  1829,  this  historic  old 
building  was  pulled  down  and  its  niaterial  used  in  the 
construction  of  Trinity  church,  which  stands  nearby. 


TS  MliMOIilAL     VoLUMH. 

Tliis  old  nioiinineiit  might  well  have  been  "spiu'ed  all 
but  the  ravages  of  time" — and  had  it  been  saved  from 
the  sacrilege  of  man — it  might  today  be  standing  to 
"point  a  moral"  and  "adorn  the  history"  of  the  founders 
of  Maryland. 

The  State  House  stood  on  "St.  JMary's  bluff,"  which 
formed  the  northwestern  extremit}-  of  the  town.  It  was 
a  strikingly  beautiful  situation  and  commanded  an  exten- 
sive view  of  the  town,  the  river  and  the  surrounding 
country ;  and  to  those  approaching  the  city,  either  by 
land  or  water,  it  formed  a  prominent  and  picturesque 
feature  of  the  landscape.  Its  dimensions  were  forty-five 
by  *fifty  feet,  its  architectural  design  that  of  a  maltesc 
cross,  and  was  one  of  the  most  pretentious  public  build- 
ings of  its  time.  It  was  built  of  large,  red  vitrified  brick, 
its  walls  varying  from  twenty-eight  to  nineteen  inches, 
diminishing  in  thickness  with  their  height,  the  lower 
floor  bein<x  divided  into  two  halls  for  the  accommodation 
of  the  upper  and  lower  Houses  of  Assembly,  and  which 
were  paved  with  flagstone.  It  was  two  and  a  half  stories 
high,  with  steep  roof  covered  with  red  tile,  from  the 
centre  of  which  shot  up  an  iron  spire,  with  ball,  support- 
ing near  its  top,  a  vane,  on  which  was  insciil)ed,  "107(5," 
the  date  of  its  erection.  The  building,  with  a  jail,  cost 
330,000  pounds  of  tobacco.  By  a  singular  coincidence, 
it  was  built  without  chimneys,  owing  to  a  controversy 


Removal  of  State  Capital.  79 

over  the  proposition  to  allow  it,  in  conformity  witli  the 
custom  of  the  times,  to  be  used  as  an  ordinary  or  eating 
house,  the  opposino:  and  predominant  faction,  in  order  to 
make  this  impracticable,  caused  them  to  be  omitted  alto- 
gether; and  it  was  not  until  two  years  later,  that  its  three 
massive  outside  chimneys  were  added,  at  a  cost  of  20,000 
pounds  of  tobacco. 

On  the  "State  House  Square,"  about  seventy  feet  dis- 
tant, stood  the  historic  "(3Id  Mulberry,"  under  whose 
broad-spreading  branches  the  first  colonists  of  Maryland 
assembled,  and  under  which  also  traditionary  history 
says,  the  first  mass  at  St.  Mary's  was  celebrated  and  the 
treaty  between  Governor  Calvert  and  the  Yaocomico 
Indians  was  made.  Of  this  venerable  tree,  whose  mass 
of  foliage  continued  for  two  hundred  years  afterward  to 
crown  the  State  House  promontory,  it  is  further  re- 
corded, that  "on  it  were  nailed  the  proclamations  of  Cal- 
vert and  his  successors,  the  notices  of  punishments  and 
tines,  the  inventories  of  debtors  whose  goods  were  to  be 
8old,  and  all  notices  calling  for  the  public  attention," 
Within  comparatively  recent  years,  even  curious  relic- 
hunters  were  able  to  pick  from  its  decaying  ti-unk  the 
rude  nails  which  thus  "held  the  forgotten  State  papeis  of 
two  centuries  ago." 

This  aged  tree  had  watched  over  the  city  in  its  infancy, 
in  its  development  and  prosperity,  and  in  its  pride  and 


80  Memorial  Voll^me. 

glory  as  the  metropolis  of  ]\lai-jland ;  it  had  seen  it 
stripped  of  its  prestige  and  its  iionors,  and  lose  its  im- 
portance and  its  rank;  it  had  witnessed  its  l)attle  with 
adversity  and  its  downfall  and  decline;  and  it  had 
mourned  the  departure  of  nearly  every  symbol  of  its 
existence  and  memorial  of  its  glory,  which  under  the 
winning  game  of  time  had  one  by  one  faded  and  passed 
away;  and  still  it  stood — stood,  as  a  "silent  sentinel"  of 
time  whose  "watchword  is  death;"  stood,  daily  distilling 
the  "dews  of  Heaven^  upon  the  sacred  ground  around  it ; 
stood,  sheltering  the  generations  of  men  who  were  buried 
beneath  its  luxuriant  shade;  stood,  telling  the  story  of 
the  first  capital  of  Maryland,  and  marking  the  spot  where 
once  it  was — stood  until  187G,  when,  like  the  almost  for- 
gotten city,  the  companion  of  its  prime,  its  time-worn 
and  shattered  trunk  laid  down  to  rest. 

About  fifteen  feet  from  the  site  of  the  State  House, 
stands  what  is  known  as  the  "Calvert  Vault,"  and  which 
is  supposed  to  contain  the  remains  of  Governor  Leonard 
Calvert,  Lady  Jane,  the  wife  of  Charles  Lord  Baltimore, 
and  Cecilius,  their  oldest  son.  Of  this  vault,  tradition 
says,  its  entrance  was  covered  up  and  the  key  thrown 
into  the  river,  that  its  revered  inmates  might  peacefully 
repose  forever,  under  the  soil  they  had  redeemed  from 
the  wilderness. 

In  183'.),  the  State  of  Maryland  purchased  from  Wil- 
liam   and    Mary   Parish   the   eastern   half  of  the   State 


Removal  of  State  Capital.  81 

Ilouse  lot,  and  to  commemorate  the  spot  where  "civiiiza/- 
tion  and  Christianity  were  first  introduced  into  our  State," 
erected  on  it  the  imposing  and  classic  building,  known  as 
the  "St.  Mary's  Female  Seminary."  It  also,  a  little 
more  than  two  years  ago,  did  tardy  justice  to  Maryland's 
first  Governor — Leonard  CJalvert — by  erecting  to  hi* 
memory  a  handsome  granite  shaft,  placing  it  on  the  site 
of  the  "old  Mulberry ;"  and,  at  the  same  time,  in  order  to 
perpetuate  the  foundation  lines  of  the  old  State  House, 
planted  at  each  of  its  sixteen  corners  a  massive  granite 
marker. 

Thus  did  the  ancient  city  of  St.  Mary's  spring  into 
being,  flourish  and  pass  away.  In  the  "very  State  to 
which  it  gave  birth;"  in  the  State  whose  foundations  it 
erected  ;  in  the  State,  many  of  whose  most  valued  insti- 
tutions, and  more  ancient  principles  of  organic  law,  it 
established,  it  to-day  stands  almost  a  "solitary  spot, 
dedicated  to  God  and  a  fit  memento  of  perishable  man." 

But  it  is  one,  which,  "as  long  as  civilization  shall 
endure  upon  the  earth,  will  be  memorable  in  the  history 
of  its  development.  The  philosopher  and  the  statesman, 
when  tracing  back  the  progress  of  the  political  s^'stems 
of  men  from  the  loftiest  heights  they  shall  ever  reach, 
will  always  pause  upon  tlie  banks  of  the  St.  Mary's  to  con- 
template one  of  the  greatest  epochs  in  tlieir  history. 
Here,  under  the  auspices  of  the  founders  of  the  State  of 
r> 


82  Mkmokial   Volumb. 

Maryland,  the  injured  freedom  of  England  found  » 
refuge  from  the  depredations  of  royal  power ;  here,  the 
inherent  rights  of  man  found  opportunity  for  growth  to 
strength  and  vigor,  away  from  the  depressing  tyranny 
of  Kings;  here,  the  ancient  privileges  of  the  .people  that 
came  down  with  the  succeeding,  generations,  of  our 
fathers  from  the  morning  twilight  of  Anglo-Saxon 
history,  struggling  through  the  centuries  with  varying 
fortunes,  at  last  found  a  home  and  a  country  as  all-per;- 
vading  as  the  atmosphere  around  .  them ;  here,  these 
principles  and  rights  first  entered  into  the  practical 
operations  of  government ;  here,  was  established  the  first 
State  in  America  where  the  people  were  governed  by 
laws  made  by  themselves ;  here,  was  organized  the  first 
■civil  government  in  the  history  of  the  Christian  world^ 
which  was  administered  under  that  great  principle  of 
American  liberty — the  independence  of  church  and  state 
•in  their  relations  to  each  other ;  here  too,  freedom  of 
conscience,  in  all  of  its  breadth  and  fullness,  was  first 
proclaimed  to  men  as  their  inherent  and  inviolable  right, 
in  tones  which,  sounding  above  the  tempest  of  bigotry 
and  persecution,  were  to  continue  forever,  from  age  to 
age,  to  gladden  the  world  with  the  assurance  of  practical 
Christian  charity,  and  ultimately  find  expression  in  the 
political  systems  of  every  civilized  people." 

Such  was  the  halo  surrounding  Maryland's  early  colo- 
nial  metropolis,   and    yet   the   present    generation    asks 


Removal  of  State  Capital.  83 

when  and  where  it  was ;  such  the  renown  of  Maryland's 
first  capital,  embodying  in  its  history  the  germ  of  so 
much  of  that  which  gave  grandeur  and  glory,  as  well  as 
inspiration  and  pride,  to  the  later  annals  of  the  State,  and 
yet  history  has  recorded  its  birth  without  a  smile,  and 
has  written  its  epitaph  without  a  tear. 

In  desolation  and  ruin  as  it  is,  and  though  its 
hearthstone  is  buried  beneath  the  moss  of  so  many  years, 
it  should  be  revered  as  a  hallowed  spot  sacred  to  the 
"proudest  memories"  of  Maryland  ;  endeared  in  the  pride 
and  in  the  affection  of  its  sons  and  its  daughters ;.  the 
glory  of  every  American  patriot,  for  it  was  the  spot 
where  first  arose  the  radiant  morning  sun  of  our  relig- 
ious freedom ;  the  spot  where  first  broke  and  brightened 
into  effulgent  daylight  the  early  dawn  of  our  civil 
liberty. 


SCRIPTURE  REHDIHG  END  PRHYER. 

By   Rev.    Wm.   S.    Southgate,    D.  D., 

Rector  ok  St.  Anne's  Chukcii,  Annapolis, 

Delivered  in  tAe  Hall  of  the  House  of  Delegates^ 
March  5,  ISQJf.,  at  the  Celebration  Ceremonies  of 
that  date. 


The  Lord  our  God  be  with  us,  as  He  was  with  our 
fathers.  Let  Ilim  not  leave  us,  nor  forsake  us ;  that  He 
may  incline  our  hearts  unto  Him,  to  walk  in  all  His 
ways,  and  to  keep  His  commandments,  and  His  statutes, 
and  His  judgments,  which  He  commanded  our  fathers. 
(I  Kings,  viii,  57-58.) 

Almighty  God,  our  Heavenly  Father,  who  art  always 
more  ready  to  hear  than  we  to  pray,  and  art  wont  to  give 
more  than  either  we  desire  or  deserve;  pour  down  upon 
us  the  abundance  of  Thy  mercy.  Forgive  us  those  things 
whereof  our  conscience  is  afraid,  and  give  us  those  good 
things  which  we  are  not  worthy  to  ask,  but  through  the 
merits  and  mediation  of  Jesus  Christ,  Thy  Son,  our  Lord. 
We  beseech  Thee,  O  God,  save  and  bless  our  State, 
Give  wisdom  and  power  for  good  to  our  Governor,  our 


Removal  of  State  Capital.  85 

Judges,  the  Senators  and  Delegates  of  the  General  Assem- 
bly, and  to  all  others  to  whom  is  entrusted  the  authority 
of  government.  Grant  tliat  all  their  doings,  being  ordered 
by  Thy  governance,  may  be  righteous  in  Thy  sight,  and 
for  the  good  of  all  the  people. 

Bless  our  land  with  honorable  industry,  sound  learning 
and  pure  manners.  Defend  our  liberties,  preserve  our 
unity.  Save  us  from  violence,  discord  and  anarchy; 
from  pride  and  arrogance  and  every  evil  way.  Fashion 
into  one  happy  peo'ple  the  multitude  brought  here  out  of 
many  kindreds  and  tongues. 

Give  us  peace  at  home,  and  enable  us  to  keep  our  high 
place  among  the  nations  of  the  earth.  In  the  time  of 
our  prosperity  temper  our  self-confidence  with  thankful- 
ness, and,  in  the  day  of  trouble,  suffer  not  our  trust  in 
Thee  to  fail.  Direct  us,  O  Lord,  now  and  ever,  in  all 
our  doings,  with  Thy  most  gracious  favor,  and  further 
us  with  Thy  continual  help;  that,  in  all  our  works, 
begun,  continued,  and  ended  in  Thee,  we  may  glorify 
Thy  holy  name,  and  finally,  by  Thy  mercy,  obtain  ever- 
lasting life,  through  Jesus  Christ,  our  Lord.     Amen. 


i^  E  nvE  ^^  ]E^  k:  s 

OP 

THOMAS    S.    BAER,    Esq., 

On  opening  the  proceedings  in  the  Hall  of  the  House 
of  Delegates,  on  March  5th,  189Jf,  in  honor  of  the 
Bi-Centennial  of  the  Removal  of  tlie  Capital  from. 
St.  Mary's  to  Annapolis. 


It  is  one  of  the  complaints  of  Ruskin  against  our 
country,  tliat  we  have  no  antiquities.  We  have  met 
to-night,  to  consider  such  antiquities  as  we  have.  To  the 
citizen  of  the  old  world,  two  hundred  years  may  seem  a 
very  short  period  in  the  history  of  a  people,  but  on  the 
virgin  soil  of  the  new  world,  it  has  witnessed  the  devel- 
opment of  the  most  powerful  nation  on  the  globe.  The 
special  occasion  which  brings  us  together,  is  the  200th 
anniversary  of  the  removal  of  the  Capital  of  this  State 
from  St.  Mary's  to  Annapolis.  The  town,  from  which 
the  removal  took  place,  has  become  so  old,  that  it  has 
disappeared  from  view  more  entirely  than  Thebes  or 
Palmyra,  while  the  young  Arundel  town,  then  proud  of 
its  new  born  dignity,  is  now  widely  known  as  the 
"Ancient  City."  On  this  historic  spot,  where,  two  hun- 
dred years  ago,  the  first  session  of  the  Legislature  in  thia 


Removal  of   State  Capital.  ST 

city  was  held,  the  General  Assembly  has  suspended,  for 
the  day,  the  business  of  the  session,  and  has  united  with 
the  municipal  authorities  of  Annapolis  to  celebrate  th& 
event.  These  are  the  closing  exercises  in  connection 
with  the  celebration.  We  meet  to  look  back  at  the  con- 
ditions that  led  to  the  removal  of  the  Capital,  to  listen 
to  the  lament  of  those  who,  with  saddened  hearts,  fore- 
saw in  that  event,  the  beginning  of  decay,  which  ended 
in  utter  desolation,  and  to  the  rejoicings  of  those  whO' 
felt  that  the  establishment  of  the  Capital  here  gave 
assurance  of  permanent  prosperity. 

But  above  the  interest,  which  attaches  to  the  mere 
event  itself,  it  is  fitting  that  we  should  let  the  occasion 
serve  to  recall  who  the  founders  of  our  colony  were,  the 
conditions  under  which  the  settlement  was  made  and 
maintained,  and  to  trace  the  beginning  and  growth  of 
that  spirit  of  freedom  in  civil  government  and  in  relig- 
ious belief,  which,  when  the  fullness  of  time  had  come, 
sent  the  wisest  of  Maryland's  sons  to  the  Continental  Con- 
gress, to  participate  in  the  creation  of  the  great  Republic, 
and  the  bravest  to  the  field,  to  stay  there  until  tli;it 
Republic  was  recognized  by  the  Mother  Country. 

It  is  my  simple  function,  to  night,  to  introduce  to  you 
the  gentlemen,  through  whom  we  are  to  look  backward 
two    centuries    in    the    hittory    of    our    beloved    State. 


88  Memorial  Yolumk. 

When  they  shall  have  performed  their  tasks,  aud  the 
work  of  the  present  shall  be  resumed,  let  iis  look  for- 
ward, and  "nobly  resolve"  that  the  plant  of  civil  and 
religious  liberty,  which  our  fathers  planted  and  tended 
with  such  solicitude  and  devotion,  shall  continue"]' to 
bloom  in  consummate  beauty  during  the  centuries  to 
come. 


REMOVAL  OF  THE  CAPITAL  FROM  ST. 
MARY'S  TO  ANNAPOLIS, 

A  Paper  7'ead,  hy  invitation  of  the  City  of  Annap- 
olis, hy 

ELIHU    S.    RILEY, 

At  the  Ceremonies  in  the  Hall  of  the  House  of  Dele- 
gates, on  March  5,  189^,  in  honor  of  the  Two 
Hundredth  Anniversary  of  the  Removal  of  the 
Capital  from  St.  Mary'^s  to  Annapolis. 


Gentlemen  of  the   General    Assembly  and  Fellow- 
Citizens  : 

Comparisons  may  be  odious,  but  they  are  the  search- 
lights of  truth.  Tlie  age,  in  which  men  and  States  lived, 
is  the  only  background  that  will  sharply  deline  their 
characters  to  posterity. 

When,  by  tile  camera  of  histor}',  the  silhouettes  of 
conteniporaneous  events  are  thrown  upon  the  canvas  of 
time,  then  the  chaste  figure  of  Maryland  shines  like  a 
star  in  the  firmament  of  heaven. 

The  day  when  the  Pilgrim  Fathers  of  Maryland 
landed  at  St.  Clements,  was  the  age  of  blood,  intolerance, 
and  persecution.  The  Church  militant,  no  longer  hidden 
in   the   catacombs  of  liomc,  from  the  faggots  of  Nero, 


90  MlMOKlAI.     VOLUMK. 

had  buckled  on  the  sword  of  persecution,  and  was 
putting  to  its  keen  edge  all  who  dared  raise  voice  against 
hierarchical  decree  or  sacerdotal  authority. 

This  spirit  belonged  to  no  sect  and  to  no  denomination — 
to  no  party,  and  no  creed  it  was  the  age — the  age  of  a 
terrestrial  Infernes.  The  very  demons  incarnate,  from 
the  bottomless  pit,  seemed  to  have  been  let  loose  in  the 
scriptural  Babylon. 

Hus  had  been  burned ;  Savonarola  destroyed  ;  the  bones 
of  St.  Thomas  a  Becket  exhumed  and  burned ;  the 
ashes  of  Wycliffe  scattered  to  the  sea;  Charles  the  First 
executed;  an  epoch  when  Thomas  Cromwell,  as  minister 
to  Henry  the  Eighth,  gave  the  order  for  the  trial  and 
place  of  execution  of  offenders  in  one  and  the  same 
paper;  a  period  when  every  misfortune  to  an  evil-doer 
was  hailed  with  sanctimonious  delight  by  the  faithful  as 
a  just  judgment  of  Almighty  God  for  his  impiety;  it 
was  an  age  when  Catholics  in  England  were  not  allowed 
to  hold  office;  nor  import  the  insignia  of  their  faith;  nor 
educate  their  children  abroad  in  the  principles  of  their 
religion ;  nor  receive  the  rights  of  their  church  in  their 
own  land,  nor  even  inherit  the  property  of  their  parents. 
Laud,  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  had  been  slain  oy  the 
Presbyterians,  and  John  Ogilvie,  Jesuit,  had  been  exe- 
cuted at  Glasgow  for  high  treason,  for  holding  adverse 
opinion  to  the  government  and  in  saying  Mass. 


Removal  of  State  Capital.  9t 

Sir  Thomas  More's  trial  displays  the  spirit  of  the 
times  in  all  their  error  and  severity.  "The  charge  con- 
tained in  the  indictment  was — 1,  that  the  prisoner  had 
stubbornly  opposed  the  King's  second  marriage ;  2,  that 
he  maliciously  refused  to  declare  his  opinion  of  the  act 
of  supremacy  (the  act  that  made  Henry  VIII  head  of 
the  church  of  England);  3,  that  he  endeavored  to  evade 
the  force  of  that  statute,  and  advised  Bishop  Fisher,  by 
his  letters,  not  to  submit  to  it;  and  4,  that  upon  his  exam- 
ination in  the  Tower,  it  being  demanded,  if  he  approved 
the  act  of  supremacy,  he  answered,  that  the  question  was 
like  a  two-edged  sword;  if  he  answered  one  way,  it 
would  destroy  his  hody  ;  and  if  the  other  way,  his  soul ; 
and  these  were  said  to  be  open  or  overt  acts  of  treason  of 
the  heart^''  and  Sir  Thomas  was  accordingly  executed. 

In  the  new  world  matters  were  no  better.  As  late  as 
1662,  in  Massachusetts,  Quakers  were  whipped  whenever 
they  could  be  found  delivering  their  message.  Men  and 
women  were  tied  to  cart's  tails,  and  scourged  from  town 
to  town,  and  so  it  happened  in  New  Ilampsliire,  then 
a  part  of  tlie  bay. 

In  Cambridge,  a  woman  was  thrown  into  jail  without 
food  or  bedding.  A  Quaker  brought  lier  some  milk  ; 
he  was  fined  five  pounds  and  put  in  the  same  jail. 

"The  cases  of  these  persecutions,"  says  Mr.  Bryant, 
"are  too  numerous  to  mention  singly,  and  they  all  have  a 


92  MKMt)UiAL    Volume. 

revolting  sameness.  Tliey  lasted  ten  years,  and  did  not 
come  to  an  end  until  the  King,  offended  by  the  prohibi- 
tion of  Episcopacy,  and  of  the  reading  of  the  Liturgy, 
issued  sharj)  injunctions  against  them." 

Wilson  and  Eobinson,  previous  to  these  minor  cruelties, 
had  been  executed  for  the  innocent  offence  of  preaching  the 
mild  religion  of  the  Quakers;  Margaret  Jones  and  Anne 
Ilibbens  hanged  as  witches;  Roger  Williams  driven  to 
the  wilderness  for  proclaiming  liberty  of  conscience ;  and 
the  Salem  Witchcraft  horror  was  in  course  of  evolution 
in  the  laboratory  of  bigotry,  superstition,  and  pious 
fanaticism. 

Bryant,  in  telling  the  story  of  Connecticut,  says: 
"Women  were  stripped  for  a  whipping,  one  of  them  was 
whipped  with  a  lately  born  babe  clinging  to  her  breast, 
and  the  record  of  fining,  starving,  imprisoning,  banishing 
and  miscellaneous  cruelty  becomes  monotonous." 

Virginia  Churchmen  could  not  brook  even  the  dis- 
senfer,  and  their  harsh  laws,  rigorously  enforced  in  1643, 
drove  the  Puritan  from  the  Old  Dominion. 

From  this  sea  of  terror  and  merciless  atrocities,  arises 
the  form  of  one  that  reflects  the  spirit  of  a  new-born, 
heaven-inspired  civilization.  History  will  vindicate  the 
assertion  that  George  Calvert  was  the  greatest  man  of  his 
age — great  in  the  pure  nobility  of  his  sturdy  character, 
great  in  the  wisdom  of  his  stupendous  grasp,  in  an  age 


Removal  of  State  Capital.  dS 

of  vindictive  bigotry,  of  the  sound  problems  of  civil  a«d 
constitutional  government.  He  called  a  world's  atten- 
tion to  the  sublime  truth  that  liberty  of  conscience,  m 
matters  of  religion,  wa^  consonant  with  the  loyalty  of  the 
subject  to  the  highest  or  remotest  interests  of  the  State, 
and  that  that  spot  was  most  blest  where  no  statute  laws 
required  obedience  to  creed,  and  that  place  in  which 
these  principles  would  have  fair  trial — was  Maryland. 

It  was  in  splendid  keeping  with  such  sentiments  that, 
when  Churchmen  drove  the  Puritan  from  Virginia, 
Catholic  Maryland  gave  him  asylum,  and  sealed  the 
compact  with  the  immortal  act  of  1649,  which  was  the 
first  original  legislation  on  American  soil,  guaranteeing 
the  rights  of  conscience  and  of  religion. 

It  is  revivifying  to  come,  from  time  to  time,  to  the 
springs  of  eternal  truth,  and  there,  rearing  our  altars  of 
devotion,  venerate  the  spirits  of  noble  men,  and  drink  in 
inspiration  for  duty,  God  and  country.  As  Mary  landers, 
let  us  once  more  read  together  this  magna  charta  of 
Maryland  liberties,  wherein  our  sires  made  statute  law, 
what  had  been  the  unwritten  and  common  law  of  the 
province  since  its  settlement: 

"Chapter  1,  Acts  of  1649,  Caecilius,  Lord  Baltimore, 
William  Stone,  governor, 

"And  wherca.s,  the  enforcing  of  the  conscience  in 
matters  of  religion,  hath  frequently  fallen  out  to  be  of 


94;  Memokial  Volume. 

dangerous  consequence  in  those  Commonwealths,  where 
it  hath  been  practised,  and  for  the  more  quiet  and  peace- 
able government  of  this  province,  and  the  better  to  pre- 
serve mutual  love  and  unity  among  the  inhabitants,  no 
person  or  persons  whatsoever,  within  tliis  province,  or 
the  Islands,  ports,  harbours,  creeks  or  havens,  thereunto 
belonging,  professing  to  believe  in  JESUS  CHRIST, 
shall  from  henceforth  be  any  way  troubled,  molested,  or 
discountenanced,  for,  or  in  respect  of  his  or  her  religion, 
nor  in  the  free  exercise  thereof,  within  this  province,  or 
the  Islands  thereunto  belonging,  nor  any  way  compelled  to 
the  belief  or  exercise  of  any  other  religion,  against  his  or 
her  consent,  so  as  they  be  not  unfaithful  to  the  Lord  Pro- 
prietary, or  molest  or  conspire  against  the  Civil  Govern- 
ment established  or  to  be  established  in  this  province, 
under  him  or  his  heirs.  And  any  person  presuming  con- 
trary to  this  act  and  the  true  intent  and  meaning  thereof, 
directly  or  indirectly,  either  in  person  or  estate,  wilfully 
to  disturb,  wrong,  trouble,  or  molest,  any  person  what- 
soever, within  this  province,  professing  to  believe  in 
JESUS  CHEIST,  for  or  in  respect  of  his  or  her  religion, 
or  the  free  exercise  thereof,  within  this  province,  other- 
wise than  is  provided  for  in  this  act,  shall  pay  treble 
damage  to  the  party  so  wronged  and  molested,  and  also 
forfeit  20  shillings  sterling  for  every  such  offence,  one- 
half  to  his  Lordship,  the  other  half  to  the  party  molested. 


Removal  of  State  Capital.  95 

and,  in  default  of  paying  the  damage  or  line,  be  pun- 
ished by  public  whipping  and  imprisonment,  at  the 
pleasure  of  the  Lord  Proprietary." 

It  rang  out  like  the  peal  of  liberty  bells  on  this  dark 
night  of  cruelty  and  intolerance,  and  was  neither  cant 
nor  dead  letter,  for,  as  long  as  Lord  Baltimore  was  pre- 
served in  his  rights,  there  freedom  of  conscience  was 
guaranteed,  and  our  ancient  court-rolls  contain  the  record 
that  Capt.  William  Lewis,  Catholic,  was  fined  for  con- 
temptuously speaking  of  the  religion  of  his  Protestant 
servants. 

J!^or  are  the  praises  of  the  liberal  spirit  of  our  fore- 
fathers left  to  our  own  State  historians. 

Lord  Baltimore  ''laid,"  says  Chalmers,  "the  foundation 
of  this  province  upon  the  broad  basis  of  security  to 
property  and  of  freedom  to  religion,  granting  in  absolute 
fee  fifty  acres  of  land  to  every  emigrant;  establishing 
Christianity  agreeably  to  the  old  common  law,  of  which 
it  is  a  part,  without  allowing  pre-eminence  to  any  par- 
ticular sect.  The  wisdom  of  his  choice  soon  converted  a 
dreary  wilderness  into  a  prosperous  colony." 

Judge  Story,  in  his  Commentaries,  speaking  of  the 
same  subject,  the  colonization  of  Maryland,  which  ante- 
dated the  Act  of  Toleration  fifteen  years,  says:  "It  is 
certainly  very  honorable  to  the  liberality  and  public  spirit 
of  the  proprietary,  that  he  should  have   introduced  into 


96  Memorial  Volume. 

his  fundamental  policy  the  doctrine  of  general  toleration 
and  equality  among  Christian  sects,  and  have  thus  given 
the  earliest  example  of  a  legislator  inviting  his  subjecta 
to  the  free  indulgence  of  religious  opinion.  Tiiis  was 
anterior  to  the  settlement  of  Rhode  Island,  and  therefore 
merits  the  enviable  rank  of  being  the  tirslr  recognition 
amongst  the  colonists  of  the  glorious  and  indefeasible 
rights  of  conscience." 

William  Cullen  Bryant,  in  his  History  of  the  United 
States,  wrote :  "Enough  remains  of  the  annals  of  Lord 
Baltimore's  colony  to  show  most  plainly  those  distinctive 
features  which  separated  its  founders  sharply  from  aU 
the  other  strongly-marhed  types,  from  which  the  varying 
races  of  the  future  nation  sprang.  Here  were  men 
trained  in  a  different  school  from  New  Englanders  or 
Virginians;  men  with  a  singular  mixture  of  i-eligious 
enthusiasm,  culture,  practical  shrewdness  and  liberal 
statesmanship,  far  enough  in  advance  of  their  age  to  take 
warning  from  the  errors  of  others,  and,  while  they 
founded  a  province  in  which  were  mingled  feudal  and 
popular,  despotic  and  constitutional  institutions,  to  ad- 
minister it  with  such  prudence  that  it  grew  strong  and 
gained  permanence  more  quickly  and  tranquilly  than  any 
of  its  predecessors." 

Says  the  learned  Bancroft:  "Sir  George  Calvert  de- 
serves to  be  ranked  among  the  wisest  and  most  benevo- 


Removal  of  State  Captial.  9T 

lent  lawgivers,  for  lie  connected  his  hopes  of  the 
aggrandizement  of  his  fainilj'  with  the  estal)Hsh»nent  of 
popular  institutions,  and,  being  a  papist,  'wanted  not 
charity  toward  Protestants.' 

"Toleration  grew  up  in  the  province  silently  as  a 
custom  of  the  land.  Through  the  benignity  of  the  ad- 
ministration, no  person  professing  to  believe  in  the 
divinity  of  Jesus  Christ  was  permitted  to  be  molested  on 
account  of  religion.  Roman  Catholics,  who  were 
oppressed  by  the  laws  of  England,  were  sure  to  find  an 
asylum  on  the  north  bank  of  the  Potomac;  and  there, 
too,  Protestants  were  sheltered  against  Protestant  intoler- 
ance. From  the  first,  men  of  foreign  birth  enjoyed 
equal  advantages  witii  those  of  the  English  and  Irish 
nations." 

As  these  Virginia  Puritans  turned  their  faces  toward 
the  fair  land  of  Marj',  thoy  saw -there  the  flower  of- 
liberty  blooming  in  the  full  fragrance  of  its  primeval  crea- 
tion ;  and  here  they  found  refuge  on  this  vei"y  spot,  on 
wiiich  we  are  gathered  to-night,  and  aptly  and  reverently 
called  it  "Pkovidknck." 

This  was  in  1640. 

Historians  and  intelligent  men  of  all  professions  imvo 
been  justly  interested  in  the  religious  (loiiomiiiations  of 
the  men  who  laid  tiie  corner-stone  and  builded  thi-  fair 
walls  of  our  State  on  such  broad  and  most  Christian  basis. 

7 


9b  Memorial   VoLUMfc. 

The  proprietary  and  the  majority  of  the  first  eohMiists 
were  Catliolics,  but,  in  mutual  love  and  respect,  a  goodly, 
though  unknown,  number  of  Protestants,  united  with 
them  to  lay  the  head  of  the  corner  deep  in  the  eternal 
principles  of  constitutional  and  religious  liberty  ;  it  was 
a  Catholic  Proprietary  and  a  Catholic  House  of  Bnr- 
:;gegses  that  passed  the  act  of  toleration,  but  a  Protestant 
Governor,  who  was  undoubtedly  largely  instrumental  in 
its  enactment,  three  Protestant  councillors,  all  appointed 
by  a  Catholic  Proprietary,  making,  with  the  Governor,  a 
majority  of  the  Upper  House,  and  a  Protestant  minority 
"in  the  House  of  Burgesses,  assented  to  it.  Thus,  to  their 
■everlasting  honor  be  it  said,  to  Catholic  belongs  the  chief 
glory  of  both  deeds,  yet,  in  the  union  of  Churchman  and 
Catholic,  as  they  had  laid  the  corner-stone,  and,  side  by 
side,  reared  the  pillars  of  the  temple  of  liberty,  so,  the 
splendid  renown  of  these  twin  deeds  of  immortal  fame,  that 
flashed  like  new  creations  in  celestial  space,  outstrips  the 
confines  of  sects  and  denominations,  and  belongs  to  all 
Marylanders ;  for  these  noble  men  were  our  forefathers ; 
their  blood  courses  in  our  veins ;  and  the  honor  of  their 
deeds  descends  alike  to  every  Marylander  as  a  part  of 
his  magnificent  heritage. 

One  witch  only  hanged  is  the  sole  case  in  Maryland, 
in  all  this  bloody  night  of  insane  and  relentless  persecu- 
tion, and   one   Quaker  driven  from  the  province  by  the 


Removal  of  State  Capitai-.  99 

Puritans  of  Providence,  for  refusing  to  take  the  oath  of 
allegiance.  These  told,  and  set  against  that  dynasty  of  ' 
terrors,  is  this  matchless  antithesis — in  all  the  reigns  of 
the  three  Lords  Baltimore,  a  period  of  over  sixty  years, 
when  persecution  reddened  every  other  quarter  of  the 
globe,  not  one  single  individual,  Jew  or  Gentile,  was 
ever  molested  in  Maryland  for  worshipping  his  God 
according  to  the  dictates  of  his  conscience  ;  for,  although 
the  act  of  toleration  limited  religious  liberty  to  Christians, 
the  common  and  unwritten  law  extended,  from  the 
founding  of  the  colony,  its  a»gis  to  all  mankind  of  every 
religious  faith. 

Have  we  not  right  to  thank  God  for  this  record,  and  laud 
and  magnify  the  men  who  made  it,  regardless  of  their 
creed  ? 

Like  the  sentries  at  night  along  the  Potomac,  after  a 
day  of  battle,  during  our  mighty  war  between  the  States, 
who  exchanged  the  tobacco  of  one  for  the  coffee  of  the 
other,  and  discussed  with  fraternal  feelings  the  conflict  of 
the  day,  so  we  approach,  with  candor  and  fairness,  the 
eventful  annals  which  caused  our  ancestors  the  debate 
severe,  the  loss  of  vuliiable  i)rivileges,  the  roar  of  buttle, 
and  the  sacrifice  of  heroe.s. 

In  them  all,  th(;  li;j,l(j  of  hoiinc  that  surrounds  t\w 
chronicles  of  our  State,  increases  in  briUiancy  as  we  draw 
nigh  the  temples  of  our  liistory,  ami  inspect  witii  kecMier 


100  Memorial    Volumk. 

vision  tlio  noble  lives  of  MaryliuKJ  men,  and  place  the 
annals  of  Maryland's  colonists  alongside  contemporaneous 
American  settlements,  or  challenge  ev^en  the  records  of 
time  itself  to  present  a  land  larger  in  liberality  than  that 
founded  by  the  Prilgrim  Fathers  of  Maryland. 

It  was  in  that  day,  the  only  spot  in  all. the  world  where 
man  "might  worship  God  according  to  the  dictates  of  his 
conscience,  none  daring  to  molest  or  make  him  afraid." 

Lord  Baltimore  anticipated  his  times  a  hundred  years, 
when  he  required  his  officers  to  swear  that  they  "would 
not  directly  or  indirectly  trouble,  molest  or  discounte- 
nance any  person  whatsoever  in  the  said  province,  pro- 
fessing to  believe  in  Jesus  Christ." 

The  quarrels  of  the  old  world  were  shut  out  of  the 
new,  and  Maryland  became  the  "Land  of  the  Sanctuary," 
where  Friend  and  Puritan,  Catholic  and  Churchman, 
dwelt  together  in  happiness,  pursued  the  avocations  of 
peace,  and  rendered  unto  God  the  adoration  of  their 
consciences  according  to  the  forms  of  their  faith  and 
practice. 

Able  to  cope  with  his  colonial  iocs,  so  long  as  they 
confined  their  contests  to  questions  belonging  exclusively 
to  the  new  world.  Lord  Baltimore  found  himself  power- 
less to  meet  his  enemies  whenever  they  raised  their 
banners  crimsoned  with  the  battles  of  internecine  war- 
fare in  England,  or  waived  the  standard  of  Old  World, 


Removal   of   State  Capital.  101 

religions  dissensions  within  the  borders  of  the  province. 
Claiborne  and  Coode  yielded  to  his  superior  force  and 
the  might  of  right,  but  Bennett,  championing  the  cause 
of  Cromwell,  and  Coode,  the  rights  of  William  and  Mary, 
brought  the  sceptre  of  the  L©rd  of  Avalon  and  the  Pro- 
prietary of  Maryland,  to  the  dust,  and,  with  its  fall,  the 
"Land  of  the  Sanctuary"  became  a  pandemonium  of 
persecution. 

Such  was  the  anterior  history  of  Maryland,  such  the 
era  of  atrocity  in  which  the  State  had  birth;  and  these 
were  the  primary  causes  that  led  to  the  removal  of  the 
capital  of  Maryland  from  St.  Mary's  to  Annapolis. 

Planted  on  any  site,  however  inappropriate,  a  capital 
immediately  throws  out  its  tendrils,  and  takes  root  in 
the  affections  and  traditions  of  the  commonwealth. 
Deeper  in  the  soil  of  the  body  politic,  time  thrust  these 
roots,  and  diminishes  the  chances  of  their  transphanting. 
History  establishes  the  fact  that  capitals  are  not  lightly 
removed  from  one  place  to  another,  and  that  a  State 
clings  to  the  site  of  its  ancient  scat  of  government  with 
almost  religious  veneration. 

Maryland  has  had  but  two  substantial  changes  of  its 
capital.  Several  temporary  removals  have  taken  place, 
but  friMii  in.'}!-,  the  year  of  the  settlement  of  the  (jolony, 
to  1GS3,  St.  Mary's  remained  legally,  and,  most  of  the 
time,   really,  the  venerated  cai)ital  of  Maryland. 


102  Memorial  Volume. 

The  first  proof  St.  Mary's  had  that  this  treasured 
prerogative  could  be  wrested  from  lier,  was  in  1G54,  after 
the  Commissioners  of  Parliament  had  reduced  the  colony 
to  obedience  to  the  Commonwealth,  to  which  authority, 
indeed,  it  had  never  been*  disobedient.  Tiie  General 
Assembly,  called  by  the  Puritan  authorities,  met  at  one 
Richard  Preston's  house,  on  the  Patuxent  river,  to  which 
place  the  documents  and  records  of  the  colony  liad  been 
removed.  In  1656,  whilst  St.  Mary's  remained  the 
official  residence  of  Lord  Baltimore's  Lieutenant  in  the 
Province,  Gov.  Fendall,  Patuxent  still  continued  the 
place  of  the  regular  meeting  of  the  General  Assembly. 
St.  Mary's,  in  the  year  1659,  was  fully  restored  to  her 
ancient  prerogatives,  and,  in  that  year,  the  session  of  the 
General  Assembly  was  held  there. 

St.  Mary's  remained  undisturbed  in  her  re-acknowl- 
edged honors  until  1683,  when  through  the  remoteness 
of  the  town  from  the  rest  of  the  province,  its  inconven- 
ience and  expense  of  access,  which  had  always  been  "felt 
and  often  complained  of,"  it  was  once  more  temporarily 
shorn  of  its  laurels.  The  will  of  the  Proprietary  and 
feelings  of  the  people  had  conspired  to  sustain  the  privi- 
leges of  this  ancient  city;  but  the  former,  in  1683, 
yielded  to  the  desires  of  a  discontented  people,  and  the 
Assembly  was  removed,  with  the  courts  and  provincial 
offices,  to  a  place  called  "the  Ridge,"  in   Anne  Arundel 


Removal  of  State  Capital.  103 

county.  One  session  only  of  the  General  Assembly  was 
held  there.  The  poor  accommodations  of  the  Ridge 
drove  them  hence,  and  the  peripatetic  capital  took  up  its 
al)ode  on  Battle  Creek,  on  the  Patuxent  River,  from 
whence,  after  a  session  of  three  daj's  only,  it  was  again 
removed  to  its  old  site,  St.  Mary's.  The  Provincial 
Court  found  it  necessary  also  to  adjourn  from  the  Ridge 
from  want  of  accommodations. 

Once  more  settled  at  St.  Mary's,  the  Proprietary  gave 
the  inhabitants  a  written  promise  that  the  capital  "should 
not  be  removed  aijain  during  his  life."  Resting  under 
this  assurance,  the  people  of  St.  Mary's  had  reason  to 
feel  secure,  for,  at  least,  that  uncertain  period — a  human' 
life;  but  political  events  defy  all  huuian  calculations. 

Annapolis,  yet  called  Pj«)VII}Knce,  had  evinced  a  desire 
for  the  location  of  the  seat  of  government  within  its 
limits  very  early  in  its  history,  for,  in  1074,  when  the 
Legislature  was  considering  tiie  propriety  of  erecting  a 
State  House,  prison,  and  office,  at  St.  Mary's,  a  member 
of  the  lower  house  stated,  ;ind  tlie  Ikjusc  sent  tiit;  message 
to  the  Governor  and  Council,  that  "there  are  several 
persons  of  (pialitie  in  Anne  Arundel  county,  that  will 
undertake  to  build  a  State  House,  prison,  and  ofhce,  at 
thereown  charge,  <jiili(!  to  be  rcp:iid  by  tlie  conntry,  when 
the  buildings  ai'e  liiiished,  and  to  buiM  a  house  for  hie 
Excellency,  at  their  own  proper  costs  and  charges."     The 


104  Memorial   Volumk. 

Lower  House  showed  that  it  was  i'ully  ripe  for  the  inno- 
vation by  voting  ^'  tiiat  it  be  ncccssarie,  and  this  house 
doe  petition  his  excellencie  accordingly."  The  Upper 
House  gave  a  sharp  reply.  It  considered  the  paper  no 
answer  to  the  captain-general's  choice  already  expressed, 
and  declared  it  not  fit  to  take  any  further  notice,  "but 
that  the  Lower  Ilouse  be  desired  to  signifie  to  this  house 
of  what  dimensions  the  said  buildings  are  to  be,  and  then 
some  persons  will  offer  themselves  as  undertakers  of  the 
same." 

In  168S,  William  of  Orange  mounted  the  throne  of 
England,  and  Protestantism  became  the  ascendant  i-elig- 
ion  of  that  kingdom.  Lord  Baltimore  received  instruc- 
tions to  proclaim  AVilliam  and  Mary,  as  sovereigns,  in  the 
province  of  Maryland.  He  promptly  obeyed.  His 
orders,  however,  failed  to  reach  liis  agents  in  Maryland 
in  proper  season,  and  waiting  to  hear  his  mind  in  the 
matter,  the  Proprietary's  "timid  deputies  lost  him  his 
government.'" 

.  The  instrument  of  the  revolution  was  "an  association 
in  arms,  for  the  defense  of  the  Protestant  religion,  and 
for  asserting  the  rights  of  King  William  and  Queen 
Mary  to  the  province  of  Maryland  and  all  the  English 
dominions."  John  Coode,  a  notorious  malcontent,  was 
the  leader  of  the  association.  After  a  brief  struggle, 
the  association,  in  August,  KiSO,  obtained  entire  posses- 


Removal  of  State  Capital.  105 

sion  of  the  province.  A  convention  was  immediately 
held  in  the  name  of  the  association,  and  a  full  account 
of  the  proceedings  and  purposes  of  the  organization  was 
submitted  to  the  King.  He  approved  the  revolution, 
and  the  province  was  governed  by  the  authority  of  the 
convention  until  April  9,  lf)')2.  At  that  time,  in  accord- 
ance with  the  wishes  of  the  convention,  Sir  Loniel 
Copley,  who  had  been  appointed  the  first  royal  (tov- 
ernor  of  Maryland,  assumed  control  of  the  aifairs  of  the 
province.  He  convened  the  Legislature  at  once.  Not- 
withstanding the  Governor  counselled  moderation  in 
legrslation,  the  General  Assembly  commenced  its  work 
by  throwing  a"  tire-brand  in  the  province,  in  thanking  the 
King  for  redeeming  them  "from  the  arbiti'ary  will  and 
pleasure  of  a  tyrannical  Popish  government  under  which 
they  had  so  long  groaned."  This  was,  indeed,  a  most 
II II  w;ir  ran  table  assertion. 

The  Protestant  religion  was  established  by  law  by  the 
Legislature,  and  provision  made  for  its  support  by  gen- 
eral taxation.  This  was  the  fir nt  State  chureh  in  Jfar//- 
land.  Lord  Baltinxjre's  agents  were  prohibited  from 
collecting  port  duties,  and  the  collection  of  iiis  land  rents 
was  greviously  intcM-ruptcd. 

Tiie  old  city  of  St.  Alary's,  around  which  clustered  all 
the  hihtoric  associations  of  early  settlement,  was  iinmo- 
lated,  in   turn,  upon    the  altar  of  r<!volntion.     The  town 


106  ^^l:M()RIAL  Volume. 

about  this  period,  IGO-t,  contained  about  sixty  houses — a 
number  it  had  reached  a  few  years  after  its  settlement. 
Stunted  in  its  early  energies,  its  vital  powers  were  sapped, 
and,  at  the  period  wlien  the  removal  of  the  capital  was 
suggested,  had  become  "a  mere  landing  place  for  the 
trade  of  its  own  immediate  neighborhood."  St.  Mary's 
had  several  disadvantages  that  presented  the  site  unfavor- 
ably to  the  legislators.  Situated  at  the  southern  extremity 
of  the  province,  its  remoteness,  and  the  expense  and  incon- 
venience of  reaching  or  leaving  it,  constantly  annoyed 
those  who  had  business  in  the  "antient  capital."  Beside, 
it  had  another  quality  to  discommend  it  to  the  chief 
rulers  of  that  period,^its  people  were  Catholics,  whilst 
the  legislators  were  peculiarly  Protestant,  at  least,  as  far 
as  those  illiberal  partizans  could  represent  Protestant  prin- 
ciples. With  all  these  against  St.  Mary's,  there  is  no 
surprise  at  the  result. 

The  place  contemplated  as  the  new  capital  was  the 
"Town  at  Proctors,"  now  Annapolis.  This  city  was  not 
even  as  large  as  St.  Mary's ;  but  it  was  central  and  anti- 
Catholic.  It  had  been  created  a  town  and  port  of  entry, 
in  1683,  and  in  1G94,  was  designated  as  "  Anne  Arundel 
Town,"  and  was  made  the  residence  of  the  district  col- 
lector, the  naval  officer,  and  their  deputies  "'for  the 
dispatch  of  shipping."  In  1700,  six  years  later,  it  was 
thus   described:      ''Col.    Nicholson,   the    Governor,  has 


Removal  of  State  Capital.  lOT 

done  his  endeavor  to  make  a  Unrni  of  that  place.  There 
are  about  forty  dwelling?  in  it,  seven  or  eight  of  which 
can  afford  a  good  lodging  or  accommodations  for  strangers. 
There  are  also  a  State  House  and  a  free  school,  built  of 
brick,  which  make  a  great  show  among  a  }Darcel  of  wooden 
houses,  and  the  foundation  of  a  church  is  laid,  the  only- 
brick  church  in  Maryland.  They  have  two  market  days 
in  a  week;  and  had  Gov.  Nicholson  continued  there  a 
few  months  longer,  he  had  brought  it  to  perfection." 

The  people  of  St.  Mary's  did  not  let  this  valued 
treasure  slip  from  their  grasp  without  making  the  most 
strenuous  efforts  to  retain  it.  They  turned  their  eyes 
toward  Gov.  Nicholson,  lifted  up  their  hands,  and^ 
casting  themselves  at  his  feet  in  an  agony  of  despera- 
tion, as  their  only  hope,  praj'cd  him  for  succor  in  thls^ 
the  day  of  their  great  calamity.  They  directed  a  peti- 
tion to  him,  as  "His  Exc^ellency,"  and  as  "Captain, 
General  and  Governor-in-Chief,  in,  and  over  this,  their 
Majesty's  province  and  Territory  of  Maryland."  The 
address  began  :  "The  Mayor,  Recorder,  Aldermen,  Com- 
mon Council  men  and  Freemen  of  the  city  of  St.  Mary's' 
in  the  said  pi-ovince,  and  'prin.c^palbj  from  tlic  bottom  of 
their  hearts,  they  rejoice  in  your  Kxcollency's  happy 
accession  to  this,  your  (Jovcrriinc^nt ;  and  sincerely  pray 
for  your  peaceable  and  quiet  enjoyniciit  (hereof,  and 
long  and  prosperoUH  continuance  therein  for  thi-  (ilory  of 


108  Memokial    Volume. 

God,  their  Majesty's  service,  the  good  and  benefit  of 
their  subjects,  and  your  own  particular  comfort  and 
eatisfaction." 

The  petitioners  then  supplicate  the  Governor  to  con- 
tinue "their  ancient  franchises,  rights  and  privileges, 
granted  them  by  their  charter,  with  such  other  benefits 
and  advantages  as  hath  been  accustomed  and  generally 
allowed,  and,  from  time  to  time,  continued  to  them  by 
your  predecessors,  rulers  and  governors  of  the  province, 
humbly  offering  and  proposing  to  your  Excellency  these 
following  reasons  as  motives  inducing  thereto. 

These  were  classed  under  sixteen  heads: 

^''Im primus,  as  that  it  was  the  prime  and  original 
settlement  of  the  province,  and  from  the  first  seating 
thereof,  for  above  sixty  years,  hath  been  the  antient  and 
chief  seat  of  Government." 

The  second  reason  was  that  Lord  i^altimore  had  con- 
ferred on  it,  in  consideration  of  the  above  fact,  especial 
privileges. 

The  third  paragraph  set  forth  that  the  Capital  should 
remain  where  it  was,  because  "the  situation  in  itself  is 
most  pleasant  and  healthful  and  naturally  commodious  in 
all  respects  for  the  purpose,  being  plentifully  and  well 
watered  with  good  and  wholesome  springs,  and  almost 
encompassed  around  with  harbor  for  shipping,  where  five 
hundred  sail  of  ship,  at  least,  may  securely  ride  at  anchor 


Removal  of  State  Capital.  10J> 

before  the  city."  The  town  also  contained,  this  section 
asserted,  excellent  points  of  land,  on  whicli  to  erect 
fortifications  to  defend  said  shipping,  and  for  the  preser- 
vation of  the  ''public  magazine  and  records  of  tho 
province." 

The  fourth  argument  recited  that  the  Capital  ought 
not  to  be  removed,  because,  by  an  act  of  the  Legislature 
of  1662,  land  was  bought,  and,  in  1674,  the  Legislature 
passed  an  act  to  build  a  State  House  and  a  prison,  which 
cost  the  province  300,000  pounds  of  tobacco;  and  the 
next  asserted  that  the  inhabitants  of  St.  Mary's  had  made 
a  free-will  offering  of  100,000  pounds  of  tobacco  to  build 
Lord  Baltimore  a  house  adjacent  to  the  town. 

The  sixth  and  seventh  paragraphs  recounted  the  re- 
moval to  the  Ridge  in  1683,  and  those  inconveniences 
that  brought  again  the  Capital  to  the  "antient  seat  of 
government." 

The  eighth  reason  given  was  that,  for  the  encourage- 
ment of  the  inhabitants  to  make  provision  for  all  who 
would  be  called  to  the  Capital,  Lord  Baltimore  promised 
that  the  seat  of  government  should  not  be  removed  from 
St.  Mary's  during  liis  life. 

The  ninth  section  states  that  "upon  which  encourage- 
ment given,  several  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  said  city 
have  launched  out,  disbursed  considerable  estates  to  their 
great    impoverishment    and    almost   utter   ruin,    if    they 


110  Memorial   Volumk. 

should  be  defeated  of  such,  their  promised  encourage- 
ment, and  not  only  so,  but  divers  others,  the  inhabitants 
for  several  miles  about,  contiguous  and  adjacent  to  the 
said  county',  upon  the  same  encouragement  of  his  Lord- 
ship, have  seated  themselves  upon  mean  and  indifferent 
lands,  and  laid  out  their  estates,  and  made  improvements 
thereon,  barel}'  for  the  raising  of  stock  wherewith  to 
supply  said  city  for  the  end  and  purpose  aforesaid,  which 
is  now  become  their  whole  and  only  dependence  for  their 
future  support  and  maintenance." 

The  tenth  paragraph  depicted  the  advantages  of  St. 
Mary's — its  convenience  for  masters  of  vessels  and  others 
coming  in  and  going  out  of  the  province,  the  dispatch  of 
letters  and  expresses,  its  accessibleness  from  Patuxent 
and  Potomac  rivers,  and  the  Main  Bay,  beside  the  colony 
of  Virginia,  "with  whom  mutual  intercourse  and  corres- 
pondence is  most  undeniably  necessary  and  material." 

The  eleventh  reason  announced  that  the  Capital  should 
not  be  removed,  because  Governor  Copley  had  been 
required  to  enter  upon  his  gubernatorial  duties  at  St. 
Mary's. 

The  twelfth  set  forth,  "that  scarce  any  precedent  can 
be  produced  of  so  sudden  a  change  as  the  removal  of  the 
antient  and  chief  seat  of  government,  iijpon  the  careless 
suggestion  and  allegation  of  some  particular  persons 
for  their  own  private  interest  and  advantage,''''  and  to 


Removal  of   State   Capitai,.  Ill 

array  Governor  Nicholson  upon  the  side  of  St.  Mary's, 
the  petitioners  flattered  him  with  the  soft  impeachment 
that  the  removal  of  the  Capital  was  invested  with  him  as 
their  majesty's  representative,  and,  at  his  Excellency's 
feet,  ''continued  the  petitioners,  ice  humbly  cast  ourselves 
for  relief  and  supjjort  against  the  calamities  and  7'uin 
wherewith  we  are  threatened,  and  wholly  relying  upon 
your  Excellency's  grace  and  favor  therein,  with  whom, 
we  also  conceive,  should  he  good  manners,  in  all  persons, 
lirst  to  treat  and  intercede,  before  they  presume  to  make 
any  peremptory  result,  in  case  of  so  high  a  nature  as  this 
may  be.'' 

The  13th  and  14th  paragraphs  reminded  the  Governor 
that,  in  1692,  "it  was  put  to  the  vote  of  a  full  house, 
whether  the  holding  of  tlie  courts  and  assembly  at  St. 
Mary's  were  a  grievance,  or  not,  and  carried  in  the  nega- 
tive,'' and  the  petitioners  "humbly  conceive  that  house 
did  well  consider  all  difficulties  and  outlays,  losses  and 
expenses  to  be  incurred  in  moving  the  Capital,  besides 
the  hazards  and  casualties  of  removing  and  transporting 
the  records  from  one  place  to  another,  of  wbicb  already 
Bome  experience  hath  been  had." 

To  meet  all  objections  of  inconvenience  of  travel,  the 
petitioners  offered  to  provide,  as  soon  as  possible,  "a 
coach  or  caravan,  or  both,  to  go  at  all  times  of  public 
meetinji^  of  Assemblies  and    Provincial    Courts,   and    so 


112  Memorial   Volume. 

forth,  every  day,  daily,  between  St.  Mary's  and  Patuxent 
river,  and,  at  all  other  limes,  once  a  week;  and  also  to 
keep  constantly  on  hand  a  dozen  horses,  at  least,  with 
suitable  furniture,  for  any  person  or  persons,  having 
occasion  to  ride  post,  or  otherwise,  with  or  witiiout  a 
guide,  to  any  port  of  the  province  on  the  Western 
Shore." 

The  sixteenth  section  suggested  that  the  objection  that 
St.  Mary's  was  not  in  the  centre  of  the  province,  and, 
therefore,  not  suitable  as  the  capital,  was  conspicuously 
untenable  from  the  fact  tiiat  the  Imperial  Court  is  held 
in  London,  "as  far  from  the  centre  of  England  as  St. 
Marie's  in  this  province;  Boston,  in  New  England  ;  Port 
Royal,  in  Jamaica;  Jamestown,  in  Virginia;  and  almost 
all  other,  their  Majestie's  American  plantations,  where 
are  still  kept  and  continued  in  their  first  antient  stations 
and  places,  the  chief  seat  of  government  and  courts  of 
judicature." 

To  this  were  subscribed  the  names  of  the  Mayor,  Alder- 
men and  Councilmen  of  St.  Marie's,  with  the  freemen 
thereof,  among  the  latter  being  that  of  John  Coode,  the 
leader  of  the  revolution  that  was  to  take  from  St.  Mary's 
its  chief  glory — another  proof  that  we  may  start  revolu- 
tions, but  we  cannot  stop  them. 

Then  followed  an  especial  sop  for  the  Governor,  in 
which    the   same    parties    hoped    that   the   reasons   and 


Removal  of  State   Capital.  113^ 

motives  lierovvith  offered  to  liis  Excellency  and  th& 
Council,  will  prevent  tlieir  assent  to  the  contemplated 
law,  and  affirmed  that  tliej  placed  tlieir  reliance  on  "his 
Excellency's  known  experience,  assisted  bj  so  worthy  a 
Council."  They  urged  again  that  it  was  a  royal  preroga- 
tive only  to  change  the  seat  of  Government,  and  when 
that  authority  was  invaded,  "the  State  is  in  a  confusion." 
Knowing  their  Majestie's  respect  for  the  rights  of  their 
subjects,  as  "sufficiently  evidenced  by  their  placing  a 
person  of  your  Excellency's  known  regard  to  the  same  at 
the  helm  of  the  Government^  the  petitioners  do  humbly 
conceive  that  it  is  not  consistent  with  the  rules  of  grati- 
tude for  so  great  a  blessing,  as  to  pass  a  law  which,  your 
petitioners  are  well-informed,  is  an  apparent  incroach- 
ment  upon  their  Majesty's  prerogative." 

A  prayer,  appended  to  this  lengthy  review  of  the  case, 
showed  how  solicitous  the  people  of  St,  Mary's  were  for 
the  reputation  of  the  State.  "Least,"  said  they,  "the 
province  may  bo  so  blamed  as  to  have  it  said  that  it  was 
<he  first  of  the  American  plantations,  that  offered 
violence  to  the  prerogative  of  so  worthy  a  prince."  They 
asked  that  the  Governor  will  reject  the  bill,  until,  at  least, 
leave  be  Hrst  obtained  from  his  Majesty.  "An  apology, 
for  putting,  with  60  much  freedom,  his  Excellency  in 
mind  of  a  nuvtter  which  they  knew  was  his  chiefest  caro 
to  preserve,"  ooucludes  the  paper. 
8 


114  Mkmokiai.   Volumk. 

Tlie  Governor  sent  the  petition  to  the  Lower  House. 
A  quaint  and  jcerini):  reply  was  returned  by  the  House. 
It  was: 

"By  the  Assembly,  Oct.  the  11th,  Wd4. 

"  This  House  have  read  and  considered  of  the  petitions 
and  reasons  of  the  Mayor,  Aldermen  and  others,  calling 
themselves  Coininon  Council  and  Freemen  of  the  City  of 
St.  Marie's,  against  removing  the  Courts  and  Assembly  of, 
from  this  corner  and  poorest  place  in  the  province,  to  the 
centre  and  best  abilitated  place  thereof.  Although  wee 
-conceive  the  motives  there  laid  downe,  are  hardly  deserv- 
ing any  answer  at  all,  many  of  them  being  against  the 
plain  matter  of  fact,  some  against  reason,  and  all  against 
Generall  good  and  wellfaire  of  the  province;  yet,  because 
your  excellency  has  been  pleased  to  lay  them  before  us, 
wee  humbly  returne  this  our  sense  of  the  same,  that,  as  to 
the  1st,  2d,  3d,  4th,  5th,  6th,  7th  and  8th  reasons,  relating 
to  what  his  Lord  Proprietary  has  thought  fitt  to  do  to  the 
City  of  St.  Marie's,  it  is  no  Ilule  nor  Guide  to  their  Majes- 
ties, your  Excellency,  nor  this  house.  It  seems  in  some 
parts  to  rejlect  on  his  Lord  Proprietary  more  than 
this  house  believes  is  true,  or  deserved  by  his  Lord 
Proprietary. 

"  2d.  As  to  the  9th :  This  house  say  that  it  is  against 
the  plain  matter  of  fact,  for  wee  can  decerne  noe  estate, 
either  laid  out,  or  to  lay  out  in,  or  about  this  famous 


Removal  of   State  Capital.  115 

citj,  comparable  witli  otlier  parts  of  this  province.  Bat 
they  say,  and  can  make  appcarc  that  there  has  been  more 
money  spent  here,  by  three  degrees,  or  more,  tlian  this 
city  and  all  the  inhabitants  for  tenn  miles  round  is  worth, 
and  say  that,  having  had  60ty-odd  years  of  experience 
of  this  place,  and  almost  a  quarter  part  of  the  province 
devoured  by  it,  and  still,  like  Pharoah's  kine,  remain  as 
at  first,  they  are  discouraged  to  add  any  more  of  their 
substance  to  such  ill  improvers. 

"As  to  the  tenth  and  eleventh,  wee  conceive  the  being 
of  St.  Maries  soe  near  Virginia,  is  not  soe  great  an 
advantage  to  the  province,  as  the  placeing  the  courts  in 
the  centre  and  richest  part  of  the  same,  which  is  noe 
great  distance  thence  of  Virginia  either,  and  nearer  New 
York  and  other  Governments  which  we  have  as  much  to 
doe  with  as  Virginia,  if  not  more,  and  the  place  as  well 
watered  and  commodious  in  all  respects  as  St.  Maries, 
which  has  only  served  hither  to  cast  a  Blemish  upon  all 
the  rest  of  the  province  in  the  Judgment  of  all  discern- 
ing strangers,  who,  perceiving  the  meanness  of  the  head, 
must  rationally  judge  proportionably  of  the  body  thereof. 

"To  the  12th,  13th  and  14tli,  they  say  that  they  do  not 
hold  themselves  accountable  to  the  Mayor  and  hia 
Brethren  for  what  they  doe  for  their  country's  service, 
nor  by  what  measures  they  do  the  same,  nor  what  time 
they  shall  take  to  doe  it  in,  nor  for  what  reasons;  and  arc, 


116  Memorial  Volume. 

and  will  be,  as  carefull  of  the  records  and  properties  of 
the  people,  as  the  proprietary. 

''To  the  loth,  the  house  say  the  petitioners  offer  faire 
as  they  have  done  formerly ;  but  never  yet  performed 
any,  and  this  house  believes  that  the  general  welfare  of 
the  province  ought  to  take  place  of  that  sugar  plum  of 
all  the  Mayor's  coaches,  who,  as  yet,  has  not  one. 

"To  the  IGth,  this  house  conceive  that  the  citty  of  St. 
Maries  is  very  unequally  rankt  with  London,  Boston, 
Port  Royal  1,  &c. 

"All  which  wee  humbly  oflfer  to  your  Excellency's 
juditious  consideration." 

All  the  honeyed  words  of  flattery  that  fell  from  the 
lips  of  the  petitioners  upon  the  ear  of  "his  Excellency," 
were  also  unavailino;.  On  receiving  the  answer  of  the 
Ilouse  of  Delegates,  the  Council  tersely  recorded  its 
view  of  the  matter  in  this  brief  paragraph  :  "This  Board 
concur  with  the  said  answers  made  by  the  Ilouse  of 
Burgesses," 

The  removal  was  consummated  the  ensuing  winter, 
and  the  Assembly  met  first  on  the  2Sth  of  February, 
1691,  (old  style,)  in  its  new  Capital. 

St.  Mary's  will  ever  remain  holy  ground  to  all  man- 
kind. Here,  amid  the  darkness  of  relentless  persecution 
for  the  right  of  conscience,  that  covered  every  other  spot 


Removal  of  State   Capital.  117 

of  the  globe,  was  the  one  altar  of  liberty  raised,  and  the 
lamp  of  freedom  lit,  that  illumed  "the  Land  of  the 
Sanctuary," — a  beacon  light  to  all  the  world — the  Day- 
Star  of  American  freedom  itself. 

No  people  has  a  nobler  heritage  Ihan  Marylanders,  and 
as  St.  Mary's  is  conspicuous  as  the  shekinah  of  human 
conscience,  so  Annapolis  became  the  living  embodiment 
of  aggressive  defence  of  American  liberty  against  every 
encroachment  of  royal  prerogative,  for,  from  the  assem- 
bling of  the  first  authorized  Legislature,  at  St.  Mary's,  in 
1G38,  when  the  House  of  Burgesses  wrung  from  the 
grasp  of  the  proprictar}-,  the  right  to  initiate  its  own 
laws,  down  to  the  day  articles  of  peace  with  Great 
Britain  were  ratified  by  Congress  in  the  Senate  Chamber 
of  Maryland,  in  1784,  and  Maryland's  early  example  of 
liberty  became  the  blessed  heritage  of  all  the  States,  no 
body  of  men,  any  where  in  the  American  colonies,  was 
more  steadfastly  alert  and  courageous  in  asserting  its 
rights  as  British  citizens,  and  in  support  of  the  American 
Tlcvolution,  than  our  faithful  representatives,  the  fearless 
members  of  the  House  of  Delegates  of  Maryland. 


THE   CATHOLIC   AND   THE   PURITAN  SETTLER 

IN   MARYLAND, 

By  Alfred  F».  Demnis,  A.  IM- 

An  Address  delivered  on  invitation  of  the  Maryland 
Legislature,  in  the  Hall  of  the  House  of  Delegates, 
March  5,  ISdJp,  at  the  Celebration  of  the  Bi-Cen- 
tennial  of  the  Removal  of  the  State  Capital  from 
St.  Mar  if  s  to  Annapolis. 


Ladies  and  Gentlemen: 

It  is  most  appropriate  that  the  people  of  this  imme- 
diate vicinity  should  publicly  celebrate  a  day  that  chose 
this  city  above  the  fairest  of  her  sisters,  and  exalted  her 
to  political  headship.  It  is  fitting  that  men  selected  for 
the  honorable  discharge  of  public  duties  should  pause  in 
the  business  of  State  to  observe  a  day  that  rehearses  the 
story  of  the  first  English  colony  governed  by  laws 
enacted  in  a  provincial  assembly.  It  is  becoming  that 
the  citizens  of  a  great  commonwealth  should  commemo- 
rate an  act  which  had  its  genesis  in  the  resistance  of  a 
liberty-loving  people  to  the  paramount  authority 'of  an 
hereditary  sovereign.  Surrounded  to-day  by  the  pro- 
gressive spirit  of  the  western  world,  with  its  exhaustless 
material  resources,  its  matchless  achievements  of  thought, 
the  appeal  is  made  to  the  past,  with  all  it  has  given,  with 


Removal  of  State  Capital.  119 

all  it  gives,  as  a  pledge  and  inspiration  for  the  future. 
If  the  records  unearthed  and  deciphered  by  the  Geolo- 
gist have  forced  us  to  add  countless  ages  to  the  life  of 
mankind,  they  have  robbed  us  of  a  fair  proportion  of 
boasted  antiquit3%  xVnd  yet  our  wholesome  conscious- 
ness of  the  forces  tliat  gather  by  duration  and  persis- 
tence, loses  nothing  of  its  potency  because  our  citizen- 
ship is  cast  in  a  land  which  antiquity  rightly  styles  the 
"New  World."  Better  a  generation  of  political  life, 
where  an  awakening  human  conscience  has  thrown  oflE 
the  fetters  of  nature  and  broken  the  bonds  of  the  despot, 
than  forty  centuries  of  an  organized  society  that  schools 
man  in  the  one  lesson  that  status  has  placed  him  irre- 
deemably under  the  will  of  an  inexorable  master.  Pop- 
ular assemblies  met  in  the  Province  of  the  Calverts 
before  the  independence  of  any  existing  Republic  of  the 
Old  World  had  been  acknowledged.  Democratic  insti- 
tutions put  forth  their  tiower  on  the  banks  of  the  Chesa- 
peake, when  the  weeds  of  a  feudal  absolutism  still  grow 
rank  on  European  soil.  Laws  were  old  upon  our  statute 
books  when  the  vast  country  beyond  the  Alleglianios 
was  as  little  known,  and  thought  as  little  worth  knowing, 
as  the  heart  of  Africa.  These  laws  had  inn  a  century's 
course  when  native  and  alien  hosts  jcjined  in  vain  strug- 
gle to  plant  on  Amerit;an  koI!  the  lilies  of  l"'rance.  As 
two  ccjnturies  look  down   upon    us   to-day,  from    pojjular 


120  Memorial  Volume. 

institutions  planted  on  these  sliores,  I  point  you  not  to  a 
past  that  is  dead,  but  to  a  past  tlmt  lives.  Our  past  is  a 
record  of  life,  life  that  has  subdued  the  rough  forces  of 
nature;  lite  that  has  braved  a  thonf^and  perils  and  survived 
a  thousand  hardships;  life  that  has  persisted  unquenchablo 
tlirough  endless  cycles  of  change,  and  survives  abun- 
dantly to-day  in  the  fuller  development  of  a  robust 
statehood.  Royalty's  fiction,  that  the  King  never  dies, 
carries  with  it  more  than  a  half-truth.  Generations  pass 
away,  society  lives  on.  Tinman  society  is  an  organism, 
it  grows  from  witliin,  its  roots  lie  deep  in  the  past.  It  is 
not  a  contradiction  to  say  that  the  individual  may  have 
an  independent  life,  and  at  once  be  an  expression  of  the 
general  spii"it  of  society. 

A  thousand  vain  experiments  in  political  mechanics 
have  shown  that  constitutions  are  not  mannfactui'ed,  but 
grow.  A  thousand  dismal  failures  have  shown  that  no 
political  alchemy  can  transform  the  baser  into  the  nobler 
metals  to  perform  the  function  of  money.  A  thousand 
wretched  blunders  have  shown  that  legislative  bodies 
cannot  make  that  law  which  does  not  reflect  the  common 
consciousness  of  society.  Our  statute  books  are  choked 
today  with  laws  which  have  not  kept  pace  with  the  life 
of  the  comnmnity,  and  are  as  dead  as  the  hands  that 
penned  thcin,  or  with  laws  that  have  so  far  run  ahead  of 
the  common  habit  that  thcv  are  as  idle  as  the  cries  of  the 


ItEMovAL  OF  State  Capital.  121 

heatlien  prophets  of  Baal.  The  "bare  riiin'J  choirs"  of 
even  a  Shakespeare's  life  remind  ns  tliat  the  individual 
existence  is  at  best  a  short  career,  whose  history  from 
preface  to  conclusion  is  largely  a  record  of  idials  missed. 
Tlope  for  humanity  cannot  be  founded  ui)()n  what  any 
individual  can  accomplish  as  a  disconnected  unit.  Like 
the  coral  reef  that  springs  imperishable  from  ocean's 
depths,  a  monument  to  the  countless  toilers  that  fjavo 
their  little  lives  in  its  construction,  the  organism  which 
we  call  the  state,  has  developed  by  successive  increments 
through  a  hundred  generations.  The  fleeting  life  of  the 
unit  has  been  built  into  the  undying  life  of  the  aggre- 
gate. I  purpose  to-night  to  point  out  certain  construc- 
tive elements  built  into  tlie  fabric  of  this  commonwealth 
during  the  early  and  formative  period  of  our  colonial 
history. 

The  early  colonizers  of  Maryland,  though  sprung  from 
a  common  stock,  were  not  a  homogeneous  people  in  their 
Bympathies  and  antipathies.  Maryland  soil  had  been 
occupied  by  three  distinct  chisses  of  settlers  before  the 
middle  of  the  seventeenth  century.  Clayborne  was  Hrst 
in  the  field  with  his  Protestant  settlement  on  Kent  island. 
Profit,  and  not  piety,  was  the  greatest  object  in  life  for 
Clayborne.  Pre  emption,  and  not  redemption,  gave  pith 
and  purpose  to  liis  eriterj)rise.  Between  these  (Jiiui-ch- 
of-England   men,  backed  in  their  possession  by  fair  li'gal 


122  MKM<niiAL   Volume. 

claims,  and  the  later  Catholic  settlers  in  St,  Mary's,  there 
was  no  more  community  of  interest  than  is  indicated  in 
their  armed  conflict  on  the  waters  of  the  Chesapeake. 
Aside  from  the  sporadic  attempts  of  Clay  borne  to  vindi- 
cate his  property  rights  by  arms,  he  and  his  band  have 
no  large  formative  influence  in  our  early  state  life. 

Xor  was  there  more  community  of  interest  between 
the  planters  on  the  Potomac  and  the  Puritan  band  that 
settled  fifteen  j-ears  later  on  the  banks  of  the  Severn. 
Five  years  hnd  not  run  their  course  before  Old  "World 
animosities  had  burst  into  a  flame  and  plunged  "Papist" 
and  "Precisian"  into  the  fiercer  struggle  of  an  appeal  to 
arms.  Distrust,  prejudice,  antipathy,  doubly  sealed  the 
commission  of  every  actor  in  this  struggle,  yet  each  party 
represented  principles  complemental  and  significant  in 
the  splendid  development  of  civil  and  religious  liberty 
in  the  Maryland  Province.  The  Roman  Catholic  was 
tolerant  in  religion,  but  narrow  in  politics.  The  Puritan 
was  narrow  in  religion,  but  in  politics  liberal.  While 
historians  have  delighted  to  retouch  the  glowing  picture  of 
the  religious  toleration  of  the  Roman  Catholic  colonists, 
the  wholesome  influence  of  these  Puritan  settlers  in  mould- 
ing the  eaily  political  life  of  the  Province  has  been  largely 
ignored.  They  have  been  scouted  as  troul)lers  of  a  well- 
ordered  sj'stem — as  Adnllamites  drawing  into  sympathy 
with  themselves  the  disaffected,  the  chagrined,  the  Ishmael 


Removal  of  State  Oapital.  123^ 

brood  that  takes  to  the  wilderness  in  explosive  self-asser- 
tion rather  than  endure  identification  with  a  reijiinc  as 
distasteful  to  them  as  was  ever  the  party  and  partisans  of 
Luther  to  Pascal,  Fenelon  and  the  brilliant  company  of 
Port  Royal.  It  has  been  pointed  out  that  these  Catho- 
lics of  St.  Mary's  were  expatriated,  harried  out  of  their 
native  land  by  a  proud  Anglican  hierarchy  and  a  parlia- 
ment of  Puritan  temper.  Assuredly  upon  the  heads  of 
the  Protestants  lies  the  base  sin  of  ingratitude.  Their 
example  in  religious  matters  becomes  one  of  cxclusive- 
ness,  narrowness  and  ban.  Catholics  were  disfranchised 
in  the  colony  they  had  planted.  Nor  did  the  movement 
stop  until  the  seat  of  government  had  been  transferred 
from  Catholic  St.  Mary's  to  the  spot  on  which  we  stand. 

The  more  lurid  tints  of  the'  foregoing  picture  fade  in 
the  light  of  closer  investigation.  A  host  of  authorities 
contend  that  Maryland  was  intended  as  an  asylum  for 
Roman  Catholics,  who  found  upon  the  banks  of  the 
Potomac  the  Puritan  Plymouth.  This  is  the  generally 
accepted  view,  j-et  this  portion  of  our  histor}'  renuiins  to 
be  rewritten.  The  Puritan  settlers  in  Mainland,  iiiul  not 
the  Catholics,  were  religious  refugees.  When  (Jeorga 
Calvert  projected  his  scheme  of  a  Proprietary  O)lony 
across  the  sea,  the  Catholics — we  use  tlu;  term  throngh- 
ont  in  its  popular  mcar)ing — in  high  good  favor  at  ('ourt, 
enjoyed   a  fuller  indulgence   than   tluy    liad    Isiiown  for 


124  Memorial   Volume. 

more  tlian  half  a  century.  Graiitinf^  for  a  moincnt  that 
an  usyhiin  was  iiecdeJ,  how  explain  the  purpose  of 
Calvert's  Avalon  Colony  in  NewfoundlanJ,  undertaken 
before  his  Catholic  fiiith  was  considered  worth  the 
avowal  ?  If  refugees — how  account  for  Calvert's  attempt 
to  settle  in  Virginia,  where  he  would  have  encountered 
the  church  establishment  from  which  he  is  supposed  to 
have  Hed  ?  If  refugees — how  account  for  a  very  con- 
siderable number  of  Protestants  in  the  lir^t  expedition  to 
Maryland  ?  The  theory  can  not  stand.  The  purpose  in 
the  founding  of  the  Maryland  Colony  by  the  Calverta 
M'as  mainly  economic,  aiud  not  religious. 

Any  theory  that  may  be  accepted  in  explanation  of 
Calvert's  purpose  in  the  colonization  of  Maryland  leads 
by  a  natural  regress  of  causes  to  England  under  the  first 
of  the  Stuarts. 

The  dissolution  of  the  monasteries  by  Ilenry  VIII  left 
the  Church  stricken  and  helpless.  From  this  point  may 
be  dated  the  downfall  of  the  Catholic  hierarchy  in 
England.  The  anti-Catholic  party  no  longer  represented 
the  timid  opposition  of  a  few  malcontents,  but,  fed  by 
material  interest  and  protected  by  royal  authorit}",  grew 
into  the  great  party  of  the  Keformation  in  England. 
Henry  was  in  no  wise  a  conscious  reformer.  Ilis  regard 
for  the  Pope  declined  as  his  affection  for  Anne  Boleyn 
increased.     IIow  he  could  have  rejected  papal  authority, 


Removal  of  State  Capital.  125 

and  at  the  same  time  have  sought  to  maintain  Catholic 
doctrine,  is  a  mysterj'  of  religious  purpose  which  baffles 
all  attempts  at  successful  analysis.  The  common-placo 
law  of  self-interest  solves  the  seeming  paradox.  Strange 
contrastb  are  found  in  tlie  dealings  of  Tudor  Royalty 
with  the  problems  of  the  Reformation.  Henry  VIII 
and  his  progeny  in  turn  cared  nothing  for  toleration  as  a 
principle.  Mary  and  Edward  were  fully  convinced  of 
their  commission  to  do  God's  service.  But  Mary  would 
have  swept  away  the  work  of  Edward  had  not  her 
tierce  zeal  undermined  ihe  cause  for  which  she  would 
willingly  have  died.  They  differed  as  widely  in  their 
attitude  to  dissent  as  they  differed  in  creed.  Both  were 
intolerant.     But  Mary  was  a  persecutor. 

Like  the  founder  of  her  family,  Elizabeth  took  up  an 
independent  political  position  between  tlie  two  great 
powers,  France  and  Spain.  Like  her  father,  she  mas- 
queraded in  a  garb  of  independence  between  the  two 
great  religions.  She  did  not  concern  herself  witli  dogma 
for  its  own  sake.  She  never  allowed  her  mental  vision 
to  fix  itself  upon  the  small  points  of  docti-ine,  to  the 
neglect  of  a  broad  general  policy.  Of  the  political 
unity  which  from  the  dawn  of  the  Reformat i'^u  was 
destined  to  supersede  ecclesiastical  unity  among  the 
Germanic  speaking  i)eo|)le8,  she  could  kncjw  or  cared 
nothing.     She  turned  from  the  Pope  to  lici-  j)eople  for  a 


1)16  Mkmokial    Volumk. 

vindicrttioQ  of  her  claims  to  legitimacy.  The  struggle 
between  the  Crown  and  the  Puritans  scarcely  widened 
beyond  the  Held  of  wordy  ecclesiastical  controversy. 
Pnritanisra  was  not  yet  a  figiiting  force  in  England. 

On  the  other  hand,  Elizabeth's  strife  with  the  Catholics 
represented  a  grave  political  exigency  in  which  the  per- 
petuity of  her  government,  no  less  than  Protestant  estabr 
lishment,  was  at  stake.  Justification  of  her  deeds  of 
blood,  done  under  the  impulse  of  political  expediency,  is 
a  task  Avhich  has  never  been  accomplished  by  the  most 
fulsome  of  Elizabeth's  panegyrists.  Three  generations 
separated  the  Queen  from  the  days  of  the  undivided 
church.  She  was  less  hampered  by  tradition  ;  she  was 
called  upon  to  make  no  violent  break  with  the  past.  She 
looked  upon  Catholic  intrigues  as  a  challenge  to  royal 
authority,  and  met  them  with  a  policy  of  coercion  which 
increased  in  severity  until  the  day  of  her  death. 

Under  James,  the  first  of  the  Stuarts,  the  old  policy  of 
religious  coercion  was  continued,  but  with  the  important 
distinction  that  Catholic  and  Pnritan  exchanged  positions 
as  objects  of  royal  hostility.  The  political  considerations 
which  had  armed  Elizabeth  against  the  Catholics,  turned 
James  and  his  successor  with  equal  consistency  against 
the  Puritans.  Precisely  the  causes  which  brought  a 
relaxation  of  the  penal  laws  against  Catholics,  induced 
increased  severity  toward  the  Puritans.     The  character- 


Removal  of  State  Capital.  127 

istic  prejudice  of  the  Puritan  was  his  bigoted  abhorrence 
of  popery  and  prelacy.  James'  devotion  to  an  erastian 
church  is  summed  up  in  his  favorite  maxim — "No 
Bishop,  no  King."  The  struggle  to  preserve  his 
autonomy  took  form  in  a  contest  with  tlie  Presbyterian 
clergy  of  Scotland  before  he  came  to  the  English  throne. 
Melville,  second  only  to  Knox  as  a  figure  in  Scottish 
ecclesiastical  history,  liad  assumed  the  leadership  in  a 
contest  with  the  civil  power,  which  culminated  sixty  years 
later  in  open  rebellion  against  Charles  I.  Nor  did  the 
movement,  essentially  democratic,  stay  until  it  demanded 
the  life  of  the  King.  Melville's  doctrine  of  equality  in 
things  spiritual,  imported  from  Geneva,  and  reared  on  the 
speculative  basis  that  all  laborers  in  Christ  are  equal,  had 
been  metamorphosed  into  the  dogma  of  political  equality. 
Political  harangues  from  Scotch  pulpits  became  the 
order  of  the  day,  James  furnishing  the  mark  for  Pres- 
byterian diatribes.  The  atrabilious  humor  of  the  Scotch 
clergy  found  expression  in  studied  insults  to  the 
King.  When  Melville,  plucking  James  by  the  sleeve, 
addressed  him  as  "  God's  sillie  vassall,"  he  conveyed  a 
volume  of  unwholesome  truth  to  a  sovereign  transported 
with  self-conceit  and  feverishly  jealous  of  authority. 
James  has  recorded  his  experience  at  this  period  in  his 
reply  to  Dr.  Reynolds,  at  the  Hampton  Court  conference  : 
"If  you   aim,"   said    he,    "at  a  Scottish   Presbytery,  it 


128  Memorial  Volume. 

agreetli  as  well  with  monarcliy  as  God  with  the  devil. 
Then  Jack  and  Tom  and  Will  and  Dick  shall  meet  and 
censure  me  and  mj  council." 

The  democratic  drift  of  Melville  and  his  co-religionists 
had  its  genesis  at  Geneva — it  was  nouriahed  in  Scotland — 
extended  across  the  border — spanned  the  ocean,  and  is 
read  anew  in  the  strife  of  the  settlers  on  this  spot  for 
political  equality.  As  the  strength  of  the  Puritan  fac- 
tion in  England  increased,  the  apparently  irreconcilable 
parties  of  the  opposition  were  drawn  together  for  com- 
mon defence.  Long  before  Puritanism  had  gained 
absolute  control  in  the  overthrow  and  execution  of 
Charles,  the  forces  of  the  Court,  the  Established  Church, 
the  Catholics  and  the  Arminians  had  practically  joined 
hands  against  the  common  enemy.  The  hatred  James 
bore  to  the  Puritans,  and  his  natural  clemency  to  the 
Catholics,  were  further  emphasized  as  early  as  IGIG,  when 
the  King  began  negotiations  for  the  "  Spanish  match." 
For  seven  years  these  negotiations  for  the  marriage  of 
Prince  Charles  to  the  Spanish  Infanta  dragged  on  through 
the  tedious  mazes  of  royal  protocols  and  papal  dispensa- 
tions. 

It  was  precisely  within  these  years,  when  the  penal 
laws  against  Catholics  had  been  suspended,  when  scores 
of  popish  lords  and  knights  were  in  the  enjoyment  of 
high  public  trusts,  and  the  royal  purpose  pointed  to  a 


Removal  of  State  Capital.  12& 

wider  indulgence  than  had  been  known  for  half  a 
centurj,  that  George  Culvert  projected  his  plan  of 
western  empire.  As  early  as  1G20,  he  had  obtained  title 
in  Newfoundland  for  the  purpose  of  "drawing  back 
ycailj  some  benefits  therefrom."  Kot  a  scintilla  of 
evidence  ^oes  to  show  that  Calvert  obtained  this  grant  as 
an  asjlnm  for  persecuted  Catholics.  Indeed,  a  consider- 
able number  of  historians  insist  that  Calvert  was  a 
Protestant  when  the  grant  was  obtained.  This  plan  of 
founding  a  Proprietary  Colony  for  purposes  of  revenue 
only  reached  its  development  more  than  a  decade  later, 
when  the  charter  of  Maryland  was  penned.  There  was 
no  break  in  policy  or  purpose.  The  Avalon  venture 
proved  a  bad  investment.  When  Calvert  visited  his 
Avalon  plantation  in  1627,  he  found  the  glowing  pictures 
of  its  natural  advantages  highly  overdrawn.  The  soil, 
alternately  stiffened  by  frost  and  shadowed  by  fogs, 
banished  all  dreams  of  commercial  success  from  this 
quarter.  Uo  writes  a  pitiful  letter  to  King  Cbarle.-s,  ask- 
ing for  a  grant  in  Virginia,  with  such  privileges  as  King 
James  had  been  pleased  to  grant  hinu  These  privileges 
wore  granted  in  a  charter  modeled  upon  tlie  Avalon 
patent.  In  their  salient  features  the  provisions  of  the 
two  documents  are  identical.  If  it  can  not  be  insisted 
with  reason  that  the  Avalon  colony  was  planted  as  a 
retreat  for  English  Catholics,  no  more  can  tiie  common 


130  Memorial  Volume. 

opinion  be  justified  that  the  Maryland  grant  was  obtained 
with  like  design,  unless  it  can  be  shown  that  a  change  of 
policy  came  with  Calvert's  supposed  change  of  faith. 

A  host  of  authorities  aver  that  George  Calvert  became 
a  convert  to  the  Catholic  faith  about  the  year  1624,  after 
the  planning  of  his  Avalon  Colon3^  This  generally 
■accepted  theoi-y  lests  in  the  last  resort  upon  the  testimony 
■of  two  contemporary  authorities — Fuller  and  Goodman. 
Thomas  Fuller,  Prebendary  of  Sarum,  stamps  on  every 
page  his  violent  anti-Catholic  bias.  The  retirement 
of  Calvert  from  the  high  office  of  Secretary  of  State, 
took  place  on  the  failure  of  the  Spanish  match  in  1624. 
In  this  same  year  fifty-four  eminent  Catholics  were  dis- 
lodged from  public  office  by  an  ultra-Protestant 
Parliament.  The  creed  of  every  high  officer  of  State 
"was  scrutinized  as  never  before.  Things  suddenly 
recognized  are  often  mistaken  as  things  that  have 
suddenly  come  into  existence.  Fuller's  mistake  in 
attributing  Calvert's  retirement  from  office  to  a  supposed 
conversion  to  Catholicism  was  a  natural  one.  The  testi- 
mony of  Dr.  Thomas  Goodman,  Bishop  of  Gloucester, 
to  the  same  effect  bears  internal  evidence  of  inaccuracy. 
He  avers  that  Calvert  was  converted  by  Gondomar,  the 
Spanish  Ambassador  and  the  Earl  of  Arundel,  whose 
daughter  Calvert's  son  had  married.  When  Gondomar 
was  in  England,  Ann  Arundel  was  a  mere  child,  and 


Removal  of  State  Capital.  131 

could  not  have  been  married  to  Secretary  Calvert's  son. 
Furthermore,  Arundel  was  not  the  man  to  make  a 
successful  missionary.  It  is  not  so  much  an  open  ques- 
tion as  to  whether  he  held  this  creed  or  that,  but  as  to 
whether  he  thought  it  of  sufficient  importance  to  hold 
any  creed  at  all. 

In  opposition  to  the  commonly  accepted  theory  of  Cal- 
vert's conversion,  may  be  set  tlie  testimony  of  reliable 
historians :  Arthur  Wilson  plainlj^  states  that  Calvert 
was  a  Catholic  when  first  made  Secretary  of  State  in 
1619.  This  was  at  least  a  year  before  his  private  scheme 
of  western  empire  was  mooted.  Twice  in  connection 
with  events  which  could  not  have  occurred  later  than 
1621,  Calvert  is  classed  with  the  adherents  of  the  Church 
of  Home.  Rapin,  in  his  invaluable  history,  accepts  the 
same  view.  Oldmixon  speaks  of  Calvert  as  a  popish 
secretary,  in  connection  with  an  event  which  could  not 
have  transpired  later  than  October,  1621,  and  in  anothei- 
work  states,  authoritatively,  that  Sir  George  Calvert  was 
of  the  Romish  religion  when  he  obtained  the  grant  in 
Newfoundland.  Independent  of  direct  testimony,  the 
theory  of  Calvert's  late  conversion  is  untenable.  Iving 
James  bore  no  especial  ill-will  to  life-long  Catholics,  but 
was  intensely  hostile  to  such  as  changed  fn»in  the  new 
faith  to  the  old.  Read  the  King's  bitter  tirades  against 
such,  and  then  consider  his  life-long  regard   for  (-alvert. 


132  Memorial  Volume. 

On  the  death  of  James,  liis  son  Charles  desired  to  con- 
tinue Cnlvert,  who  had  now  been  raised  to  the  peerage,  a 
member  of  the  Pi-ivy  Council — offering  at  the  same  time 
to  dispense  with  the  oatli  of  supremacy.  Furthermore, 
the  sudden  conversion  of  Calvert  introduces  the  dilemma 
of  explaining  the  Catholic  faith  of  all  his  progeny  of 
whoui  we  have  any  knowledge.  Can  it  be  assumed  that 
they  were  trained  as  Protestant?,  and  as  suddenly  as  their 
father,  abandoned  the  faith  in  which  they  had  been 
reared  ? 

It  is  reasonably  certain  tliat  George  Calvert  was  an 
adherent  of  the  Church  of  Home  when  advanced  to  the 
secretaryship.  The  whole  fabric  of  his  tardy  conversion 
to  Catholicism,  and  retirement  from  office  in  consequence, 
must  fall  to  the  ground.  The  public  acknowledgment  of 
his  fidelity  to  the  mother  church  is  generally  accepted  as 
the  cause  of  his  withdrawal  from  power.  It  was  simply 
a  mask  to  cover  his  defeat  by  Buckingham.  The  diver- 
gent aims  of  the  two  in  the  Spanish  match,  and  the  ulti- 
mate triumph  of  Buckiughara  in  his  program  of 
opposition,  furnish  conclusive  evidence  that  Calvert's 
political  career  received  its  death  blow  on  the  termination 
of  friendly  negotiations  with  the  Spanish  Court.  Cal- 
vert had  everything  to  gain  in  securing  the  marriage  of 
Prince  Charles  to  the  Infanta.  Sensitive  in  the  highest 
degree  to  the  breath  of  royal  favor,  he  would  naturally 


Removal  of  State  Capital.  133 

Lave  bent  every  energj-  to  accomplish  llic  union  upon 
wliicli  King  James  liad  set  liis  heart.  Aside  from  sub- 
Berviencc  to  the  wishes  of  the  King,  Calvert  acted  the 
more  zealously  in  the  matter,  because  of  the  wider  indul- 
gence in  religion  which  the  mai-riiige  would  confer.  For 
years,  a  warm  support  of  the  Spanish  match  was  a  pass- 
port to  royal  favor.  The  opposition  of  Nanton,  the 
Protestant  colleague  of  Calvert  in  the  secretaryship, 
brought  his  downfall  at  an  early  stnge  of  the  ])roceeding8. 
In  the  reaction  which  followed  the  utter  defeat  of  the 
Spanish  policy,  Calvert  himself  was  swept  from  power. 

The  Earl  of  Bristol  was  in  full  control  of  the  negoti- 
ations with  the  Court  at  Madrid.  But  Calvert  was  the 
only  Secretary  employed  in  the  Spanish  match.  The 
vigilance  and  penetration  of  Bristol  were  such  that  the 
most  secret  councik  of  the  Spanish  Court  did  not  escape 
him.  The  King  was  more  than  satisfied  ;  the  accom- 
plished Infanta  was  soon  to  arrive  in  England  with  a 
magnificent  dowry,  and  assurance  was  given  that  the 
marriage  would  be  the  certain  precursor  of  the  restitu- 
tion of  the  Palatinate.  At  this  happy  juncture  Buck- 
ingham appears  upon  the;  scene.  Among  all  the  strong 
band  of  uncrowned  heads,  that  his  generation  could  mar- 
shal no  man  was  more  potential  than  he.  His  sway  was 
more  unlimited  tlian  had  been  that  of  (iavcston  at  the 
council  board  of  the  Plantagenet  King,  or  of  Ksscx  at 


134  Memorial   Volume. 

the  Court  of  the  Tudor  Queen.  Ilis  was  the  potency  of 
a  Sejanus,  the  unrivaled  control  of  a  Madam  Pompa- 
dour. As  is  often  the  case  with  the  low-born  advanced 
to  high  station,  Buckingham  was  proud,  insolent,  and 
excessively  jealous  of  authority.  Bristol's  success  in  the 
negotiation  with  Spain  was  at  once  a  challenge.  A  rival 
may  be  eclipsed  by  a  greater  light  blazing  in  the  same 
field,  or  crushed  by  direct  personal  attack.  Buckingham 
determined  to  meet  Bristol  at  Madrid,  out-dazzle  him  in 
the  eyes  of  the  Spanish,  out-bid  him  in  the  despatch  of 
the  royal  commission.  But  not  only  did  the  favorite 
discover  that  the  mine  of  popularity  had  been  worked  to 
its  utmost  capacity,  but  even  found  himself  the  peculiar 
object  of  the  Spaniards'  aversion.  He  changed  his  tac- 
tics. Burst  into  an  open  quarrel  with  Bristol  over  the 
ridiculous  matter  of  precedence  in  a  royal  pleasure  party. 
For  weeks  he  employed  his  fruitless  artifices  to  break 
the  match  which  Bristol  had  negotiated,  and  finally  suc- 
ceeded by  a  preposterous  demand  that  would  have 
affronted  any  sovereign  in  Europe.  An  open  rupture 
was  inevitable.  Wedding  jewels  were  returned,  and 
active  preparations  made  for  war.  The  Infanta  tearfully 
resigned  her  short-lived  title  of  Princess  of  Wales,  and 
abandoned  the  study  of  the  English  language. 

Buckingham  returned  to  England  the  idol  of  the  anti- 
Catholic  party.     In   the  day  of  his  power  his  triumph 


Removal  of  State  CAPrrAL.  135 

was  not  complete  while  yet  a  Mordecai  sat  at  the  King's 
gate.  Upon  Middlesex,  Bristol  and  Calvert,  the  trio  of 
the  opposition,  the  heavy  hand  of  the  low-born  Favorite 
fell  with  blighting  effect.  Middlesex,  who  had  "gained 
much  credit  with  the  King,"  during  the  Spanish  negoti- 
ations, was  stripped  of  public  honors  and  thrust  from 
his  seat  in  tiie  House  of  Lords.  Bristol  was  flung  into 
prison  the  day  he  set  foot  on  native  soil,  and  upon  re- 
lease, retired  to  private  life.  Both  these  men  recognized 
the  hand  that  smote  them,  as  is  abundantly  shown  by  the 
records.  The  fate  of  Calvert,  who,  as  late  as  January 
14th,  1624:,  openly  opposed  in  council  a  breach  with 
Spain,  could  have  been  read  in  the  fall  of  Middlesex  and 
Bristol.  "Mr.  Secretary  Calvert,  writes  a  contemporary, 
hath  never  looked  merrily  since  the  Prince  his  coming 
out  of  Spain;  it  was  thouglit  he  was  much  interested  in 
the  Spanish  affairs;  a  course  was  taken  to  rid  him  of  all 
employments  and  negotiations."  ''Secretary  Calvert, 
says  a  letter  written  August,  1624-,  droops  and  keeps  out 
of  the  way."  Though  driven  from  power  by  Bucking- 
ham, Calvert  continued  to  enjoy  the  regard  of  King 
James  and  his  son.  lie  was  created  Baron  of  Jialti- 
more,  permitted  to  sell  his  Secretaryship,  and  left 
free  to  pursue  those  plans,  on  which  his  mind  had  been 
set  for  years,  of  empire  beyond  the  sea.  A  decade  of 
costly  experiment  closed   with   the  grant  of   Maryhmd. 


13G  Memorial  Voliime. 

A  grant,  tlic  "most  ample  and  sovereign  in  its  character 
tliat  ever  emanatcil  from  tlie  English  Crown." 

George  Calvert's  son  Cecilins,  "heir  to  his  father's  in- 
tentions not  less  than  to  his  father's  fortunes,'-  sent  over 
his  first  colonists  to  Maryland  in  l(!3i.  More  than  half 
of  the  members  of  the  first  expedition  were  Protestants. 
Ont  of  two  hundred  and  twenty,  one  hundred  and 
twenty-eight  on  sailing  refused  the  test  oaths.  Father 
More  writes  to  Rome  that  "  l^y  far  the  greater  part  of 
the  colony  were  heretics."  Father  White  writes  from 
the  colony  of  St.  Marj'^s,  that  of  twelve  who  died  from 
illness  on  the  voyage,  hut  two  were  Catholics.  The 
Father  Provincial  laments  in  a  letter  to  Pome  that 
*'  three  parts  of  the  people,  or  four,  at  least,  are  heretics." 
Twenty  years  after  the  landing  at  St.  Mary's,  Hammond 
wrote  that  there  were  "  but  few  papists  in  Maryland." 
While  the  first  colony  was  numerically  Protestant,  Chan- 
cellor Kent  is  corre  ;t  when  he  speaks  of  the  colony  as 
"  the  Catholic  planters  of  Maryland,"  and  Judge  Story, 
when  he  says  they  "  were  chiefly  Poman  Catholics,"  and 
Bincroft,  when  he  writes  that  the  religious  toleration  of 
the  early  period  of  settlement  was  the  work  of  CathoHcs. 
The  physical  balance  of  power  was  with  the  Protestants ; 
the  social,  political  and  intellectual  control  was  witli  the 
Catholics.  Court  records,  council  proceedings,  the 
names  given  to  towns,  to  Hundreds,  to  creeks,  to  manors, 
all  offer  testimony  to  Catholic  control. 


Removal   of   State  Capital.  137 

In  bold  relief  above  the  portals  of  an  arch  nt  the 
Columbian  Exposition  is  traced  the  inscription  :  "Tolera- 
tion in  Religion — the  Best  Fruit  of  the  Last  Four 
Centuries."  The  impartial  verdict  of  histoiy  must  con- 
cede to  Calvert's  (^atholic  colony  the  proud  distinction  of 
bein:^  the  llrst,  and,  for  a  generation,  the  sole  champion 
of  religious  freedom  on  the  AVe=tern  Hemisphere. 

Controversy  has  centered  about  the  famous  Toleration 
Act  of  1649.  Protestants,  as  well  as  Catholics,  have 
claimed  the  honor  of  its  passage.  The  eai-ly  religious 
freedom  of  which  we  boast  had  neither  genesis  nor  sup- 
ports in  legislative  enactments.  Religious  toleration 
prevailed  as  a  habit  of  the  settlers  of  St.  Mary's,  forceful 
and  wholesome,  as  an  inclioate  law  years  before  the 
hybrid  statute  of  1G19  was  submitted  to  vote.  Un- 
friendly critics  h'.ive  further  urged  that  this  Catholic 
toleration  had  its  genesis  in  |)()litic;d  necessity,  and  was 
nurtured  by  a  broaJ  policy  of  farsighted  self-interest. 
We  reject  the  unworthy  imputation  that  the  colonists  of 
St.  Mary's  knew  no  higher  sanction  for  their  tolerance 
than  the  restrictions  of  a  charter  (ir  the  dictates  (»f  the 
common  place  law  of  selfint(!r(!st.  The  coui'sc  of  history 
prior  to  the  seventeenth  (lentury  has  been  Hullicient  to 
show  the  irrclation  between  lt)W  ideals  of  comliict 
and  religions  persecution.  Toleration  was  the  child  of 
force,    not    of     philosophic   calm.     The  mcdia-val    mind 


138  Mkmouial    Volume. 

shaped  action  in  countless  instances  to  mean  and  un- 
worthy ends,  the  media3val  Iieart  sanctioned  enormities  of 
conduct  which  deeply  tincture  the  annals  of  Europe  with 
shameful  and  bloody  revivals  of  lawlessness.  Cruel  and 
unusual  punishments  for  wrong  acts,  as  well  as  heretical 
opinions,  are  passing  away.  Sheep-stealing  was  punish- 
able by  death  under  the  old  English  law.  AVrong  views 
of  transubstantiation  were  met  by  the  argument  of  the 
gibbet. 

While  all  the  homilies  of  two  centuries  have  not  suf- 
ficed to  bring  out  a  new  moral  truth,  it  must  be  borne  in 
mind  that  moral  standards  are  continually  changing. 
We  must  look  into  the  spirit  of  bygone  times  in  order 
to  appreciate  the  true  worth  and  meaning  of  the  great 
principle  upheld  by  these  settlers  of  St.  Mary's.  They 
had  to  suffer  much,  to  surrender  much,  to  obey,  in  the 
land  of  their  nativity ;  with  true  nobility  they  welcome 
their  former  oppressors  to  their  new  found  lands  beyond 
the  sea ;  with  true  nobility  they  pledge  their  officers  not 
to  molest  any  "person  professing  to  believe  in  Jesus  Christ 
for  or  in  respect  of  religion."  Whatever  the  motive,  the 
world  had  not  in  that  day  seen  the  like. 

As  early  as  1631,  the  government  of  the  Virginia  Colony 
became  openly  intolerant.  Under  the  hand  of  Berkeley, 
the  bigoted  Church-of-England  Governor,  distress  the 
most  adverse  fell  upon  the  Puritan  settlers  on  the  Nanse- 


Removal  of   State  Capital.  139 

mond  river.  Under  fire  of  persecution  two  Puritan  elders 
fled  to  Maryland  in  1648.  It  was  probably  at  their  sug- 
gestion that  Governor  Stone  issued  an  invitation  to  the 
entire  Nansemond  church  to  cross  over  into  Maryland. 
Stone's  liberal  promises  of  local  self-government  and 
freedom  in  religion  stimulated  the  Puritan  exodus  from 
Virginia,  and  caused  the  refugees  to  indulge  the  dream 
of  an  independent  colony  in  the  new  land  of  promise. 
At  the  outset  they  flatly  refused  to  take  the  oath  of  alle- 
giance. They  haggled  at  the  words  "absolute  dominion."' 
And  demurred  at  the  obedience  due  Roman  Catholic 
officers.  For  a  year  these  refugees  remained  outside  the 
pale  of  Baltimore's  government,  in  the  full  determination 
to  erect  upon  the  shores  of  the  ChesajDeake  a  "Civitas 
Dei" — a  church  state,  to  which  they  gave  the  reverential 
name  of  "Providence."  In  1651,  they  became  again 
recalcitrant  and  refused  to  send  delegates  to  the  provincial 
assembly.  They  protested  against  the  governor's  hostile 
advance  upon  the  Indians  of  the  Eastern  Shore.  Stone 
regarded  the  act  as  rebellious,  and  re(juired  them  to  take 
the  first  oath  of  fidelity,  on  penalty  of  forfeiture  of  lands. 
The  Puritans  protested  against  the  oath  as  repugnant  to 
their  consciences  as  Christians  and  contrary  to  their  rights 
as  free  subjects  of  England.  They  denounced  the  j)ower 
of  the  Lord  Proprietor,  for,  said  they,  he  is  liable  to  make 
null  that  done  in   the  "Assemblies  ff»i-  the  gottd  of  ihe 


140  Mkmokial  VoLrMK. 

people."  On  notice  by  Stone  that  writs  and  warrants 
should  no  lonii;cr  run  in  the  name  of  tlie  Commonwealth, 
but  in  that  ol'  the  Lord  Proprietor,  the  Puiitans  prepared 
for  war.  The  gained  a  bloodless  victory  and  summoned 
a  legislative  assembly.  One  of  its  first  acts  was  the 
disfranchisement  of  Catholics.  Tiie  act,  though  never 
rigidly  enforced,  has  left  an  indelible  stain  upon  their 
records.  Both  sides  were  now  arming  for  a  greater  con- 
test. The  drama  of  Maiston  Moor  was  to  be  re-enacted 
in  the  New  World.  Questions  were  mooting  far  wider 
than  the  sphere  of  religious  controversy.  The  princi- 
ple of  self-government  and  civil  equality  was  at 
stake.  The  battle  of  the  Severn  was  to  determine 
whether  the  mediaeval  institution  of  a  feudal  princi- 
pality should  persist  upon  Maryland  soil.  The  defeat 
of  the  royalists  of  St.  Mary's  was  the  vindication 
of  the  democratic  principle  in  Maryland.  Within  a 
generation  after  the  battle  of  the  Severn,  the  Puritan 
settlement  as  a  political  aggregate  had  become  a  memory. 
At  tlie  restoration  of  monarchy  in  England,  the  Puritan 
combined  with  the  more  numerous  Episcopalians  and  his 
less  extreme  brethren  of  Charles  County,  and  completely 
lost  his  identity.  Yet  the  last  word  of  his  movement 
has  not  yet  been  spoken.  From  the  days  of  the  Puritan 
challenge  to  the  absolute  authority  of  a  feudal  Lord, 
St.  Mary's  was   doomed  as  the  political   centre   of  the 


Removal  of  State  Capital.  141 

Province.  Jnst  two  hundred  years  ago  the  theatre  of 
the  Puritan  struggle  received  the  name  of  "Annapolis,'^ 
and  was  formally  advanced  to  the  political  headship  of 
the  Province. 

Three  forms  of  relationships  place  us  in  communion 
with  our  fellows — the  family,  the  State,  property.  Men 
have  been  slaves  to  all.  To  the  family,  as  under  the 
ca&te  system  of  India;  to  the  State,  as  under  certain 
forms  of  the  Spartan  or  Roman  society;  to  property,  as 
under  the  regime  of  the  feudal  middle  ages.  Christi- 
anity became  the  gateway  of  emancipation  by  teaching 
new  lessons  of  the  dignity  and  worth  of  man,  and  of  his 
personal  responsibility  to  God.  Luther  reiterated  these 
half- forgotten  truths.  Ilis  was  a  reaction  against  the 
doctiinc  of  corporafe  responsibility  for  opinion.  The 
Protestant  conception  of  individual  responsibility  to  (iod 
has  naturally  given  birth  to  a  multitude  of  creeds  and 
churches;  all  generically  Protestant,  because  all  are  intol- 
erant of  the  cardinal  ]>rinciple  of  the  Roman  Court, 
namely,  allegiance  to  its  authority.  Yet  it  remained  for 
these  champions  of  self- magistracy  in  matters  of  faith  to 
learn  the  first  lesson  in  the  j)ractice  of  religious  toleration 
from  the  Catholic  settlers  of  Maryland. 

Dr.  Dexter  in  his  History  of  Congregationalism,  claims 
for  Robert  Browne,  the  leader  of  the  ultra-Puritan 
Separatists,  the  proud  distinction  of  being  the  iirst  wiiter 


142  Mkmdimai,    Volumk. 

to  state  and  defend,  in  the  English  tongue,  the  true  and 
now  accepted  doctrine  of  the  relation  of  the  civil  magis- 
trate to  the  church.  The  voice  of  Browne  was  as  of  one 
crying  in  the  wilderness;  there  was  no  practical  appli- 
cation of  his  theories  among  his  Puritan  brethren,  either 
in  Geneva  or  England  or  Massachusetts  or  Maryland. 
Geneva  is  said  to  have  been  at  once  the  strength  and 
weakness  of  the  Puritan.  "His  strength,  because  here 
he  saw  his  ideal  realized ;  his  weakness,  because  it  taught 
him  to  try  to  get  his  reforms  through  the  State."  Calvin 
instituted  at  Geneva  a  Theocracy,  the  like  of  which  the 
world  lias  never  seen.  It  was  not  a  State  church,  but  a 
church  State.  For  self-control  was  substituted  State 
control — a  control  that  became  inquisitorial,  exacting, 
unjust.  Laced  in  by  catechismal  formularies,  the  free 
circulation  of  new  ideas  was  impeded.  The  Puritan 
was  the  last  to  see  the  injustice  of  purging  away 
heresy  by  the  shedding  of  blood,  he  was  the  last 
to  perceive  the  inadequacy  of  force  to  crush  a  man's 
opinions.  He  inclined  a  complacent  ear  to  the  dogma 
of  exclusive  salvation  for  those  of  his  own  sect — 
persecution  followed  as  a  corollary.  In  the  years  of 
Catholic  toleration  in  Maryland,  the  question  of  religious 
toleration  in  Massachusetts  was  decided  in  the  negative. 
Adverse  opinions  were  exposed  by  the  Synod  of  1637, 
and  in  the  white  light  of  Puritan  orthodoxy,  and  became 


Removal  of  State  Capital.  143 

heresies  most  foul.  These  Puritans  had  eaten  of  tlie 
bitter  bread  of  persecution,  they  had  sailed  the  seas  and 
subdued  tlie  wilderness  as  victims  of  religious  intolerance. 
When,  however,  thev  encountered  a  Quaker  with  wrong 
views — the}'  proceeded  to  argue  him  into  orthodoxy. 
Failing  of  this,  they  hung  him.  Intolerance  and  perse- 
cution do  not  stand  upon  the  same  plane.  The  one  is 
rather  a'thing  of  necessity,  consequent  upon  positiveness 
of  opinion.  The  otlier  is  a  thing  of  expediency.  In  our 
own  day  the  power  of  the  sword  has  happily  departed 
from  every  form  of  religions  opinion.  This  triumph  is 
based  on  expediency  rather  than  morality.  Persecution 
does  not  neccessarily  imply  low  ideals  of  conduct.  The 
best  Roman  Emperors,  as  Trajan,  Decius,  Julian  and 
Marcus  Aurelius,  were  precisely  those  who  singled  out  the 
early  Christians  for  persecution.  The  extremest  bigots, 
as  St.  Dominic,  Carlo  Borromeo,  Calvin  and  Caraffa,  iiave 
been  men  of  the  purest  intentions  and  of  unimpeachable 
morality.  As  doubt  is  the  antecedent  of  new  knowledge, 
so  a  spirit  of  intolerance  is  a  necessary  condition  of  prog- 
ress. Men  will  not  labor  and  incur  sacrifice  to  discover 
the  truth  of  subjects  in  respect  to  which  they  are  perfectly 
content,  .lolin  the  Baptist,  the  uncoiitli  jnochiimcr  of  a 
new  dispensation,  was  intolerant — denouncing  unsjmringly 
the  regime  of  the  Scribe  and  Piiarisce.  Isaiah,  that  otlier 
^reat  reproaclier  and  mouth  piece  of  the  desert,  was  intol- 


144  Memorial   Volume. 

erant.  Paul,  tlic  orthodox  Jew  of  the  polite  world,  with 
the  iiibrciikiiig  of  the  light  bccoincs  a  "pestilent  fellow 
and  a  mover  of  sedition."  Only  the  person  who  holds 
that  religious  beliefs  are  essentially  uncertain  or  essentially 
unimportant,  can  sweepingly  condemn  the  religious  intol- 
erance of  earlier  ages.  Persecution  has  few  apologists 
and  deserves  none.  We  utterly  condemn  the  narrowness 
of  the  persecuting  Puritan,  while  acknowledging  that  it 
was  a  high,'' but  not  too  great  a  price  to  pay  for  his 
splendid  legacy  to  the  cause  of  civil  liberty.  It  was  the 
political  intolerance  of  the  Puritan  which  overthrew  the 
tyranny  of  hereditary  power  in  England  and  in  America. 
The  Puritan  who  trod  these  walks  boldly  set  about  to 
redress  the  balance  of  the  Old  World — in  the  widening 
struggle  for  civil  libert3\  The  spirit  of  the  Puritan  spoke 
again  in  the  rejection  of  stamped  paper.  It  flashed  anew 
in  the  destruction  of  tea  in  yonder  harbor.  It  echoed 
once  more  in  tlie  ban  put  upon  the  claims  of  great  East- 
ern States  to  Western  territory. 

The  toleration  which  rests  upon  respect  for  adverse 
opinion,  lives  on  in  the  true  courtesy  of  our  citizens. 
For  the  U'tbility  of  a  landed  aristocracy,  has  been  sub- 
stituted among  the  sons  of  Maryland,  the  nobler  title  of 
the  "grand  old  name  of  gentleman."  The  generation  is 
now  passing  away  which  bore  the  griefs  and  devastations 
of  a  long  and  cruel  war.     In  these  3-ears  of  peace,  some 


Removal  of  State  Capital.  145 

have  arisen  wbo  have  uever  heard  the  call  of  grave 
political  exigency;  some  who  have  never  known  the  sac- 
rifice for  which  a  great  public  crisis  pleads;  some  who 
may  never  understand  the  priceless  worth  of  the  free 
institutions  under  which  they  live,  unless  with  heart 
aflame,  they  read  the  cost  of  liberty  in  the  devoted 
hearts,  the  noble  purpose,  the  spent  lives  of  the  genera- 
tions tiiat  have  gone  before.  Men  sparing  not  them- 
selves in  years  of  eminent  public  service — men  struggling 
to  heal  the  awful  breach  between  brethren — men  relin- 
quishing friends  and  fortune  as  the  champions  of  an 
alien  race — men  placing  their  lives  in  pawn  for  their 
country's  liberties.  Such  have  been  the  sons  of  this 
Commonwealth,  known  in  the  councils  of  their  State 
and  nation.  Honored  of  the  world.  Genius,  nobleness, 
patriotism,  have  ever  found  a  meeting  place  on  this 
historic  spot.  The  deeds  of  the  men  who  have  made  us 
what  we  are,  l)ut  mock  the  feeble  breath  of  speech. 
Their  work  lives  on,  perpetuated  by  the  strong  men  who 
even  to-day  gather  within  these  historic  walls. 

■'Tho'  much  ia  taken,  much  abides;  and  tlio' 

We  are  not  now  that  strengtli  which  in  oKl  days 

Moved  earth  and  lieaven;  that  which  we  are,  we  are; 

One  equal  temper  of  heroic  hearts, 

Made  weak  by  time  and  fate,  but  strong  in  will 

To  strive,  to  seek,  to  hud,  aud  not  to  yield." 


10 


XjETTE1E?.S- 


Much  of  the  correspondence  was  incomplete  or  inap- 
propriate to  tliis  volume.  Such  as  was  definite  and  per- 
tin(Mit  has  been  inserted  in  this  chapter. 

Annapolis,  Fehr^iary  S,  189Jf.. 
Prof.  Alfred  P.  Dennis, 

Dear  Sir: — ^It  is  my  pleasant  dutj  to  inform  you, 
that  you  have  been  unanimously  chosen  by  the  General 
Assembly  of  Maryland  as  orator,  to  represent  it  in 
the  celebration  to  be  had  in  this  city,  on  the  5th  day  of 
March,  1S94,  of  the  removal  of  the  Capital  from  St. 
Mary's  to  Annapolis.  The  celebration  is  under  the  con- 
trol of  the  municipal  authorities  of  Annapolis,  and  they 
will  communicate  with  you  in  reference  to  the  order  of 
■exercises  and  such  other  matters  as  may  be  necessary. 
Yours  respectfully, 

Thomas  S.  Baer,' 
Cfuiirman  of  Committee  on  Public 

Records  of  House  of  Delegates. 


Princeton,  N,  J.,  February  9^  ISOJf.. 
Hon.  Thomas  S.  Baer, 

Dear  Sir  : — I  beg  leave  to  acknowledge  the  receipt  of 
your  letter  notifying  me  of  my  election  as  orator  for  the 


Kemoval  of  State   Capital.  147 

celebration  of  Marcli  5th — and  record  my  acceptance  of 
the  honor  tlius  conferred.  I  trust  jou  will  pardon  my 
delay.  Have  been  confined  in  the  College  Hospital  for 
ten  days  and  could  not  earlier  formulate  a  definite  answer. 

Most  respectfully  yours, 

Alfred  P.  Dennis. 


Council  Chambek, 
Annapolis,  February  7,  IHdlf.. 
James  W.  Thomas,  Esq., 

Dear  Sir  : — I  am  instructed  by  the  Committee  of  the 
City  Council  of  Annapolis,  to  invite  you  to  take  part  in 
our  exercises  on  March  5th,  in  celebrating  the  200th 
Anniversary  of  the  "  Removal  of  the  Capital  from  St. 
Mary's  to  Annapolis,"  by  reading  a  paper  on  St.  Mary's 
City. 

You  have  been  assigned  to  the  exercises  of  the  after- 
noon at  St.  John's  College. 

1  have  handed  this  note  over  to  Dr.  Fell,  President  of 

St.  John's  College,  who.  will   further  communicate  with 

you. 

Very  respectfully, 

KlIMU    S.     KlLKY. 


148  Memorial  Volume. 

St.  John's  College, 

Pkesident's  Room, 
Annapolis,  Mix,  7th  Fchrnary^  ISdIp. 
James  II.  Thomas,  Esq., 

My  Deak  Sik: — By  request  of  Mr.  E.  S.  Riley,  the 
City  Counselloi',  I  have  the  pleasure  to  hand  you  the 
enclosed  invitation  to  deliver  an  address  on  St  Mary's,  on 
the  occasion  of  the  celebration  of  the  removal  of  the 
Capital  from  that  city  to  Annapolis. 

As  it  is  suggested  that  your  address  or  paper,  on  the 
subject  mentioned,  be  delivered  in  the  afternoon  of  the 
5th  March,  and  shall  form  part  of  the  program  of  the 
exercises,  more  particularly^  connected  with  the  college, 
I  write  to  say  that  we  shall  be  much  ])leased  to  accord 
you  a  place  in  our  program,  following  the  address  of 
General  II.  Kyd  Douglas,  upon  King  William's  School. 

It  is  proposed  that  the  exercises  shall  commence  about 
4  o'clock  p.  m.,  in  McDowell  Hall,  on  Monday,  the  5th 
March. 

Trusting  that  3'ou  may  be  willing  to  accept  the  invita- 
tion, and  to  accord  with  the  arrangement  just  mentioned, 

I  am,  very  respectfully  yours, 

Thomas  Fell, 

President  of  St.  Johii's  College. 


Removal  of  State  Capital.  149 

Cumberland,  Md.,  February  10th.,  1894- 
Dr.  Teomas  Fell, 

Annapolis,  Md., 

Dear  Sir: — I  have  the  honor  to  acknowledge  the 
receipt  of  yonr  esteemed  favor  of  the  8th  inst.,  convey- 
ing a  communication  from  the  committee  of  the  City 
Council  of  Annapolis,  requesting  me  to  deliver  an 
address  on  "St.  Mary's  City,"  the  early  metropolis  and 
capital  of  Maryland,  on  the  occasion  of  the  celebration 
of  the  200th  anniversary  of  Annapolis  a?  tlie  capital  of 
the  State. 

It  will  give  me  pleasure  to  participate  in  that  interest- 
ing ceremony,  and  to  make  a  brief  address  upon  the 
historic,  but  the  vanished  and  almost  forgotten,  city  of 
St.  Mary's. 

In  thus  conveying  my  acceptance  through  you  to  Mr. 
E.  S.  Riley,  of  the  City  Council,  I  beg  also  to  express 
my  appreciation  of  the   courtesies   extended   by  you  in 
tliat  connection  as  President  of  St.  John's  College. 
Yours  very  respectfully, 

James  W.  Thomas. 


1  I  KADQUARTERS  MeADE  PoST  No.   27,  (».   A.    R., 

Annapolis,  Mo.,  March  ^,  1891^.. 
Eliiiu  S.  Rii-i-:y,  Esq., 

Dear  Sir: — Your  kind  invitation  to  tliis  Post  to  take 
part  in  the  parade,  Monday,  March  5,  1S91,  to  celebrate 


150  Memorial   Volume. 

the  Two  Hundredth  Anniversary  of  the  Removal  of  the 
Capital  of  Maryland  to  Annapolis,  received,  and  the 
Adjutant  was  directed  to  answer  the  same,  informing 
your  Honorable  Body  of  the  peculiar  condition  that  exists 
in  this  Post  which  would  make  it  almost  impossible  to 
attend  in  a  body.  Secondly,  there  are  those  of  our 
members  who  are  so  employed  that  it  would  be  impossi- 
ble for  them  to  participate.  TVishing  the  celebration 
much  success  and  beautiful  weather, 

I  am,  very  respectfully, 

Your  obedient  servant, 

L.  B.  Smith, 

Adjutant  Meade  Post  No.  27,  G.  A.  R. 


61  Gloucester  Street, 

Annapolis,  Md.,  FtJjrv.ary  20th,  1891f,. 

Dear  Sir  : — I  regret  being  unable  to  accept  your 
courteous  invitation  for  next  Monday,  having  several 
days  ago  made  arrangements  to  fulfil  two  important 
engagements  in  Baltimore  on  that  day. 

I  have  long  felt  deeply  interested  in  the  history  and 
prosperity  of  "My  Maryland,"  and  most  heartily  wish 


Removal  of   State   Capital.  151 

jou  a  successful  celebration  of  your  Metropolitan  Cen- 
tennial. 

Believe  me,  dear  sir, 

Yours  cordially, 

Decatur  V.  B.  Morgan. 
To  P^Linr  S.   Riley,  Esq., 

Counsellor  at  Law, 

Court  House,  Annapolis. 


February,  Hist,  ISOJ^. 
Elihu  S.  Riley,  Esq.. 

Annapolis,  Md. 
Dear  Sir: — I  am  directed  by  tlie  gentlemen  of  the 
Council  of  the  Society  of  Colonial  Wars  in  the  State  of 
Maryland,  to  thank  your  Committee,  throuf^h  you,  for  their 
courteous  invitation  for  this  Society  to  participate  in  the 
Bi-Centennial  of  the  Removal  of  the  Capital  to  the  city  of 
Annapolis,  and  to  convoy  the  acceptance  of  the  invita- 
tion by  the  Society.  Will  you  kindly  inform  me,  by 
return  mail,  of  the  time  and  place  of  meeting  and  for- 
mation, and  such  details  of  the  ceremonies  as  it  may  l)e 
convenient  for  you  to  communicate. 

Very  re-<pectfully  yours, 

Geo.  N<jki;i  kv   Mackenzie. 


152  Memorial   Volume. 

Annapolis,  March  ^,    1894-. 
Elihu  S.  Riley,  Esq., 

Dear  Sir  : — I  accept  with  pleasure  the  duty  assigned 
to  me  b}^  tiie  Committee  of  Arrangements,  of  making  the 
opening  prajer  at  the  celebration  next  Monday  evening. 
Yours  sincerely, 

Wm.  Scott  Sodthgate. 


Palestine  Commandery  No.  7, 
Axnai'olis,  February  27,  hSOJf,. 
Jos.  S.  M.  Tjasil,  Jr.,  Esq., 

Assistant  Marshal, 
My  Dear  Sir: — In  reply  to  your  invitation  extended 
to  our  Commandery,  would  say,  that  it  being  impossible 
to    obtain    dispensation,    Palestine    Commandery    must 
decline  same. 

Wishing  your  procession  much  success  and  a  tine  day, 
I  am,  courteouslj'  yours, 

Rich'd  H.  Green. 

Recorder. 


Hall  of  St.  Mart's  Bay  Council,  No.  175, 
Catholic  Benevolent  Legion, 

Annapolis,  February  '28111.  189]^.. 
Sir: — I  am  in  receipt  of  the  coinniittee's  invitation  to 
this  council  to  participate  in  the  procession  on  the  5th 
proximo. 


Hemoval  of  State  Capital.  153 

In  reply,  I  beg  to  state,  that  this  council,  at  its  last 
meeting,  decided  to  decline  to  participate,  owing  to  the 
inability  of  the  majoi-ity  of  its  members  to  be  absent 
from  duty  on  that  day. 

Very  truly,  &c.. 

For  the  Council,  IIasmds  Clausen, 

Seci^etary. 
Mr.  J.  S.  M.  Basil,  Jk., 

Assistant  Marshal. 


I)ALTiMoKE,  Felmuiry  2J^,  189Jf,. 
Me.  Eliuu  S.  Riley, 

For  fhf  Committee  on  Celebration^  etc.^ 

Council  Chaj7iber,  Annapolis. 

Deak  Sik: — I  have  the  honor  to  acknowledge,  on  be- 
half of  the  Maryland  Historical  Society,  the  reception  of 
your  communication  of  the  14th  inst.,  addressed  to  its 
president,  inviting  the  Society  to  [lartic-ipatc'  in  the  pro 
cession  to  take  place  in  your  city  on  the  r)th  Martdi.  to 
celebrate  theTwo  Ilunch-edth  Anniversary  of  the  Kcnioval 
of  the  Capital  to  Anna])oIis. 

It  is  a  matter  of  much  regret  that  there  will  be  no 
meeting  of  the  Society  before  your  anniversary,  at  which 
this  invitation  can  l)(^  presented    for  the  Society's  action. 


lf>4  MiMoKiAi,    Volume. 

I  beg,  however,  in  advance  of  such  presentation,  to 
express  to  jon  and  the  committee  yon  represent,  the 
thanks  of  the  Society  for  your  recollection  of  it  in  your 
arrangements  for  the  celebration.  In  the  absence  of  the 
opportunity  for  more  formal  action  by  the  Society,  two 
of  its  officers  will  be  requested  to  be  present  and  repre- 
sent it  on  the  occasion. 

I  am,  sir,  very  truly  yours, 

Mendes  Cohen, 

Corresponding  Secretary. 


Annapolis,  Md.,  March  ^d,  ISdlf,. 

Mr.  E.  S.  Riley,  Esq., 

Dear  Sir  : — We  have  received  your  invitation  to 
participate  in  the  parade  on  Monday,  5th  inst.,  and 
regret  to  say  that  we  will  not  be  able  to  do  so,  as  the 
time  required  to  get  the  members  together  and  make  the 
necessary  arrangements  are  too  short.  We  can  not  have 
another  meeting  for  two  weeks. 

A^ery  respectfully, 

E.  H.  Samuels, 

Post  Commander^  Sheridan  Post^  G.  A.  R. 

C.  H.  Smith,  Adjutant.  ■ 


Removal  of   State   Capital.  155 

The  following  congratulatory  greetings  were  sent  on 
the  occasion  to  St.  John's  College  : 

United  States  Naval  Academy. 

March  3,  189 J^. 

Your  invitation  for  the  Academic  Board  to  meet  the 
Board  of  Visitors  of  St.  John's  College,  at  3.45  p.  m., 
March  5th,  and  proceed  with  them  to  take  part  in  the 
celebration  of  the  Bi-Centenary  of  King  William's 
School,  has  been  laid  before  the  Board,  and  it  will  give 
them  pleasure  to  accept  the  same. 

C.  H,  Chester, 

Comrnandei'  U.  S.  JSfavy^   Commanding. 


Johns   Hopkins  University. 

Bai/iimore,  Md.,  March  6th^  189 J^. 

In  the  absence  of  the  President  of  the  Johns  Hopkins 
University,  the  Academic  Council  sends  its  congratula- 
tions to  tlio  Visitors  and  (Tovernors  of  St.  John's  College 
on  the  occasion  of  the  Bi  Centenary  of  an  institution  that 
has  done  memorable  service  to  the  cause  of  education  in 
this  State,  with  best  wishes  for  incroMscd  [trcspi-rity  and 
usefulness. 

Ika    Ivkmskn,  Secy. 


156  Memokiai-   Volume. 

-loii.vs  Hopkins  University. 

Baltimore,  Md.,  March  5th,  ISOJf,. 
Let  me  congratulate  you  upon  the  interesting  historic 
anuiversarj'  whicli  you  are  now  celebrating.  Kindly 
accept  this  word  from  the  Historical  Department  as  a 
token  of  rejoicing  with  you  in  the  honorable  record  of 
St.  John's  Colleore. 

H.  B.  Adams, 

Prof.  Hist 


Johns  Hopkins  University. 

Baltimore,  Md.,  March  5th,  189Jf. 
I  am  sorry  not  to  be  present  at  your  Bi-Centenary.     I 
am  greatlj^  disappointed.     I  send  congratulations  to  you 
on  the  auspicious  circumstances  under  which  you  cele- 
brate this  interesting  anniversary. 

Edward  H.  Griffin, 

Dean. 


The  Woman's  College  of  Baltimore,  Md. 

March  3d,  189 J^. 
The  President  and  Faculty  of  the  Woman's  College 
send  greeting  to  St.  John's  College, 

Professor  Wm.  H.  Hopkins  will  attend  the  exercises 
on  March  5th,  as  a  delegate  from  the  W^oman's  College. 


Eemoval  of   State   Capital.  157 

Baltimore  City  College. 

March  5th,  189/f. 
I  regret  that  our  duties  here  will  probably  prevent  the 
attendance  of  myself  and  colleagues.     "We  wish  you  a 
most  successful  occasion. 

F.  A.  Sopek, 

Principal. 

The  Bisnop  of  Maryland, 

Rt.  Rev.  Wm.  Paeet,  B,  A. 
I  regret  much  that  my  duties  and  positive  engagements 
will  not  permit  me  to  be  present  at  the  200th  Anniversary 
of  King  William's  School.  You  have  my  hearty  wishes 
and  prayers  for  still  longer  and  stronger  life  work.  And 
I  beg  you  to  assure  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  my  interest 
in  the  College,  and  my  wish  that  I  could  have  found  it 
possiljle  to  be  present. 

William  Pakkt, 

Bishop  of  Maryland. 


Cardinal  ARcnuisnoi'  of  Baltimore. 

Baltimore,  Md.,  Fclruary  28th,  1891,.. 
The  Cardinal  Ar(;lil)isli()])  of  Baltimore  regrets  that  his 
Lenten  duties  will  deprive  him  of  the  pleasure  of  atten- 
dance on  the  occasion  of  the  l»i-Centenary  of  King  Wil- 
liam's School. 

Cardinal  AKcnHisiioi-  of  JJaltimork. 


158  Mkmorjal   Volumk. 

Rev.  Leighto^j  Fakks,  D.  D. 

of  Emannel  Church,  Boston. 

March  3,  18H. 

I  trust  that  the  celebration  will  be  the  success  that  it 

deserves,  and  that  the  future  of  the  college  may  be  bright 

and  prosperous. 

Leiohton  Parks. 


Rev.  F.  J.  Keech,  M.  A. 

New  Yokk  City,  March  5,  189Jf. 
Accept    my   hearty   good    wishes   for   continued   and 
renewed   prosperity  of  my  alma  mater  upon  this  its  Bi- 
centenary Celebration. 

F.  J.  Keech. 


ANNAPOLIS    IN     1694. 

After  forty-five  years  of  growth,  Annapolis,  in  1694, 
liad  under  forty  houses  in  it,  and,  it  may  be  estimated, 
not  over  one  hundred  and  fifty  inliabitants.  Within  its 
precincts  and  in  its  vicinity  were  names  that  have  linked 
themselves  with  every  stage  of  progress  of  the  "Old 
Line  State."  From  the  ancient  rent-rolls  are  taken  the 
names  of  the  men  who  first  settled  in  Annapolis  and  its 
vicinit-y,  and  whose  posterity  lived  in  Annapolis  when  it 
became  the  Capital  of  the  State,  with  here  and  there 
some  sturdy  son  of  the  virgin  settlement  who  remained 
to  see  the  steady  progress  and  new  honors  of  "the  Ancient 
City."  The  dates  show  the  years  when  the  surveys  were 
made  and  the  land  taken  up  for  patent. 

RICHARD    15ENNETT,    1G50. 
THOMAS   GOTT,   1658. 
WILLIAM   GALLOWAY,  1659. 
JOHN  COLIEIt,  1659. 

samup:l  ruthkrs,  hkh. 

In  Middle  Neck  Hundred,  between  Severn   and  Sdiifh 

liivers: 

ZKPHENIAH    SMITH,  1650. 

MATTHEW    HOWARD,   1650. 

WM.    CROUCH,   1650. 

JOHN    HOWARD,-  1650. 


160  Memokial  Volume. 

RICHARD    WARFIELD,  1G50. 
ALKX.    WARFIELD,  1G50. 
THOMAS    TODD,   1651. 
JAMES   HOMES,  IGol. 
ANN   OWEN,  1G84. 
NICH.    WYAT,  1651. 
SAM.    DORSEY. 
RICHARD   ACTON,  1G51. 
PETER   PORTER,  1G51. 
JOHN    BALDWIN,  1661. 
CHRISTOPHER   OATLY,  1651. 
RICHARD    BEARD,  1650. 
THOMAS    HOWELL,  1651. 
WILLIAM    HOMES,   1652. 
JAMES    WARNER,  1651. 
HENRY    PINKNEY.  1651. 
THOS.    GATES,   1658. 
JOHN    HOWARD,  1658. 
WILLIAM    GALLOWAY,  1659. 
TOBIAS    BUTLER,   1G59. 
NEAL   CLARK,  1659. 
GEO.    LAUGHER,  1650. 
SAML.    WHITERS,   ICGl. 
LAWRENCE   RICHARDSON,   16G1. 
ANN   CORELL,   1661. 
EDWARD    HOPE.  1661. 
Col.    HENRY   RIDGELY,   1661. 
CHARLES    RIDGELY,   1661. 
JACOB    BENINGTON,  1G61.    . 
WILLIAM    FRIZZELL,  1663. 


E-EMOVAI.  OF  State  Capital.  161 

NEAL   CLARK,  1663. 
EDWARD   SKIDMORE,    1662. 
NICHOLAS    WYAT,   1662 
CORNELIUS    HOWARD,  1662. 
SAML.    HOWARD,   1662. 
JOHN    HOWARD,   1662. 
CHARLES   STEPHENS,  1662. 
WALTER   SMITH,  1662. 
JOHN    EDWARDS,  1662. 
PATRICK    DUNK  AN,    1663. 
JOHN    HOWARD,   1663. 
CHARLES   STEPHENS,    1663. 
RALPH   SALMON,  1663. 
JOHN   JAMES,  1663. 
HENRY  SEWELL,  1663. 
THOMAS   UNDERWOOD,  1663. 
EDWARD    DORSEY,  1663. 
JOHN    DORSEY,  1663. 
JOSHUA    DORSEY,  1663. 
CORNELIUS   HOWARD,  1663. 
JOHN    EDWARDS,   16G3. 
RICHARD   MOSS,   1663. 
THOMAS    HAMMOND,   1664. 
WILLIAM    GUMES,  1664. 
WILLIAM    READ,  1665. 
JOHN   C.    MACCUHIN,  1665. 
ROBERT   CLARK,  1664. 
THOMAS    ROPER,   1664. 
JOHN    BARTON,   1665. 
THOMAS    BKLT,,    1665. 


10 


162  Mkmokiai.   Volume. 

ill  i>road  and  Tuun    Neck    IliiiulreU,   betwtjon  Sever u 
and  Magotby  Rivei>: 

ROBERT    BIRLE,   KiSO. 
ABRAM    HOLMAN,  1650. 
RICHARD    EWEN,  1652. 
THOMAS    HOMWOOD,   1652. 
LEWIS    lONES,    1652. 
JOSHUA    MERIKEN,    1652. 
RICHARD    YOUNG,  1652. 
JOHN   CO  WELL,    1651. 
WILLIAM   DURAND,   1651. 
RALPH    HAWKINS,   1652. 
JAMES    HOME  WOOD,  1652. 
NATH.    UTIE,   1658. 
WaLI-IAM    HOPKINS,  1659. 
PHILIP    HOWARD,  1659. 
EDWARD    LLOYD,  1659. 
JAMES    RIGBY.  1659. 
W'lLLIAM    FULLER,    16)9. 
ELIZABETH    STRONG,  1659. 
MATTHEW   CLARK,   1659. 
HENRY   CATLINS,  1659. 
THOMAS    BROWN,   1659. 
HENRY    WOOLCHURCH,   1662. 
WILLIAM    PYIHER,  1659. 
RICHARD    DEVAIER,   1662. 
MATTHEW    HOWARD,   1663. 
ALICE    DURAND,  1662. 
ROBERT    TAYLOR,  1662. 
ABRAM    DAWSON,    1662. 


Kemoval   <vf   State   Capital.  163 

WILLIAM    LLOYD,   1662. 
THOMAS   TURNER,  1662. 
ROBERT    LUSBY,  1662. 
EDWARD   SKIDMORE,    1663. 
ROBERT   TYLER,   1663. 
SARAH    >[ARSH,    IG63. 
THOMAS   C.  MARSH,   1663. 
JOHN    ASKEW,  1663. 
JOHN   GREEN,  1663. 
WILLIAM    STAID,   1662. 
JOHN    HAMMOND.   1663. 
EMMANUELL    DREW,   1663 
ELIZABETH    DARRELL,    1663. 
CHRISTIAN   MERRIKEN,  1665. 
THOMAS    THURSTON,   1664. 
THOMAS    (.'OLE,   1664. 
WILLIAM    HILL,  1665. 
JAMES    ORWICK,  1665. 
RICHARD    MOSSEN,  1665. 
RICHARD    DEVOUR,    166;^. 
JOHN    BROWN,   HiC.V 
JOHN    CL.\RK,    1665. 
HERMAN    SOLLINC;,   1665. 
ELIZABETH    HILLS,   1666. 
(iEOR(iE    YATE,   KWlu. 
ROBERT    I'KTTYBON,  1666. 
EDWARD    BLAY,   1606. 
JOHN    ROCKHOLD,   1666. 
I'AUL    DORKKLL,   1667. 
MORRICE    U.VKKU,    1667. 
..FAMES    CON  NA  WAY,   KKlM. 


16-t  Memorial  Volume. 

GEO.    NORMAN,   1669. 

JOHN    BURTON,  1667. 

WILLIAM   DAWS,  between  1667  and   167a. 

WILLIAM    READ,  1665, 

HENRY   PIERPONT,    1665. 

PHILLIP   THOMAS,  1664. 

WALTER    PHELPS,  1665. 

NICHOLAS   GREEN,  1665. 

FRANCIS   REASLY.  1666. 

ELIZABETH   SISSON,  1666. 

WILLIAM    HARRIS,  1667. 

JEANE   SISSON,  1667. 

EDWARD    DORSEY,  1668. 

THOMAS    PHELPS,  1668. 

WILLIAM    HOPKINS,  1669. 

GUY    MEEK,  1669. 

RICHARD    WARFIELD,  1669^. 

EDWARD    GARDNER,  1669. 


ANNAPOLIS    IN   1894. 


In^  1845,  Annapolis  liad,  after  nearly  two  hundred 
years  of  growth,  increased  to  3,000  inhabitants.  The 
ISTaval  Academy  gave  it  a  slight  impetus  when  it  was 
established  there  at  the  lust  named  date,  and  Annapolis 
in  1S90  was  reported  as  having  over  7,000  souls.  This 
does  not  include  the  Naval  Academy  and  residents 
adjacent  to  the  town,  which  would  make  the  number 
nearly  9,000. 

Dignified  with  the  seat  of  government  in  1694,  Aimap- 
olis  had  put  on  its  honors  with  the  stir  of  a  new  vitality. 
Its  name  was  changed  to  its  present  one  from  Ann 
Arundel  Town,  ship  yards  were  laid  out,  a  parish  church 
(the  present  St.  Anne's  parish  and  now  the  third  church), 
a  schoolhouse  (King  William's  School,  now  St.  Johirs 
Collegej,  and  a  public  ferry  over  the  Severn,  which  was 
maintained  until  1887,  when  it  was  superseded  by  a 
bridge,  followed  each  other  in  rapid  order. 

The  city  of  Annapolis  has  not  made  j)rugress  in 
wealth  nor  in  population,  but  its  development,  on  better 
lines,  has  been  the  pride  of  its  people.  With  the  arrival 
of  the  capital  and  a  new  element,  came  j)olitician8, 
lawyers,  legislators,  judges  and  scholars.     Here  grace  and 


166  Memorial    \  ulumk. 

beauty  gatliered,  and  in  this  prototype  of  an  English- 
capital,  wealth,  leisure,  beauty  and  refinement  created  a 
life  of  social  gayety  and  voluptuous  enjoyment  that 
made  the  city  famous  throughout  all  the  colonies  for  its 
fastidious  pleasures,  whilst  the  culture  and  elegance  of 
its  people  gained  for  it  the  title  of  "'The  Athens  of 
America."  Nor  was  the  title  undeserved.  From  its 
civilization  were  evolved  Charles  Carroll  of  Carrollton,. 
Charles  Wilson  Peale,  William  Pinkney,  Daniel  Dulaney, 
Reverdy  Johnson  and  John  D.  Godman,  in  the  last  cen- 
tury, and  in  the  present,  Stewart  Holland,  the  hero  of 
the  Arctic;  James  Booth  Lockwood,  of  the  Greeley 
expedition ;  Stuart  Robson,  representative  of  the  histri- 
onic art ;  Dennis  W.  Mullan,  the  hero  of  Samoa — all  of 
whom  were  born  in  Annapolis — and  many  others  in  both 
eras  whose  names  belong  to  the  liistory  of  the  whole 
country. 

The  spirit,  character  and  patriotism  of  the  people  of 
Annapolis  are  written  in  deeds  like  these:  The  battle  of 
the  Severn,  1656;  establishment  of  King  William's 
School,  1096;  founding  of  the  Gazette,  1727;  the  merci- 
ful reception  of  the  banished  Acadians,  1755;  erection 
of  the  first  theater  in  America,  in  1760;  mobbing  of 
Hood,  the  stamp  act  tax  gatherer  in  1765  ;  the  burning 
of  the  Peggy  Stewart  and  her  tea  in  1774;  furnishing 
two    incidents   in  the   bill    of  indictment  of  George  III,. 


Removal   of   State   Capital.  ItJT 

in  the  Declaration  of  Independence;  mobbing  the  Tories 
of  1812.  who  dared  rejoice  by  a  sermon  and  procession 
over  the  fall  of  Napoleon  and  the  freeing  of  English 
legions  to  tight  America,  and  in  gaining  the  love  of 
Washington  next  to  his  Mount  Vernon  home. 

The  people  of  the  "Ancient  City"  today,  inheritors  of 
the  same  blood,  are  legatees  of  the  same  spirit  that 
characterized  their  forefathers,  and  are  noted  for  their 
intelligent  grasp  of  vital  issues  and  their  fearless  vindica- 
tion of  their  free-i)orn  rights. 


NOTES,    INCIDENTS,    THANKS. 


Among  the  representatives  of  the  Maryland  Historical 
Society  taking  part  in  the  civic  and  military  procession, 
was  Edwin  Warfield,  Esq.,  of  Howard  county,  who  is 
a  lineal  descendant  of  Major  Edward  Dorsey,  who  repre- 
sented Ann  Arundel  county  in  the  Legislature  of  1694. 

In  the  House  of  Delegates  of  1894,  is  Orraond  Ham- 
mond, Esq.,  of  Talbot  county,  who  is  a  lineal  descendant 
of  Capt.  John  Hammond,  who  represented  Ann  Arun- 
del county  in  the  Legislature  of  1694. 

Fenton  Lee  Duvall,  one  of  the  ushers  at  the  Hall  of 
House  of  Delegates,  on  March  5,  is  a  lineal  descendant 
of  Gov.  Thomas  Johnson,  of  Maryland,  who  nominated 
Gen.  Washington  to  be  commander  of  the  Army  and 
Navy  of  the  thirteen  united  colonies. 

John  R.  and  Peter  H.  Magruder,  ushers,  March  5,  are 
lineal  descendants  of  Gov.  Francis  Nicholson. 

All  of  the  four  speakers,  on  the  occasion  of  the  cele- 
bration, were  Protestants,  so  the  historical  facts,  recited 
by  them,  were  not  colored  by  religious  bias. 

Nicholas  Brewer,  one  of  the  Board  of  Visitors  and 
Governors  of  St.  John's  College,  and  one  of  the  com- 
mittee of  arrangements,  is  a  descendant  of  Nicholas 
Brewer,  who  gathered  the  boats  together  for  Washington 


Removal  of  State  Capital.  169 

to  cross  the  Delaware,  the  night  he  captured  the 
Hessians. 

Senator  Washington  Wilkinson,  of  St.  Mary's,  is  a 
descendant  of  Rev.  William  Wilkinson,  rector  of  Poplar 
Hill  Protestant  Episcopal  Church,  in  1650,  the  first  Epis- 
copal church  in  Maryland. 

Col.  Casperus  A.  Herman,  delegate  from  Cecil  county, 
in  1694,  built  the  first  State  House  at  Annapolis,  in  1696. 

Elihu  S.  Riley,  historian  of  the  celebration,  is  a  lineal 
descendant  of  Col.  Henry  Ridgely,  the  major  of  the 
armed  troop  of  Anne  Arundel  in  1661,  for  the  defense 
of  the  colony. 

Dr.  A  brain  Claude,  one  of  the  ex-mayors  of  Annap- 
olis, who  took  part  in  the  parade,  is  the  grandson  of 
Mr.  Abraham  Claude,  who,  with  other  citizens  of  Annap- 
olis, in  August,  1765,  successfully  resisted  here  the 
landing  of  Hood,  the  stamp-tax  collector. 

Charles  H.  Carter,  Esq.,  member  of  the  House,  from  the 
Second  Legislative  District  of  Baltimore,  189-1,  is  a 
descendant  of  Lord  Paltimore. 


The  masquerade  procession  was  attended  i)y  a  singular 
accifient.  iVfr.  John  fxates  was  crossing  West  street, 
extended,  on  horsei)ack,  when  .Nfr.  i''i-ank  Small  came 
up  the  street  on  another  iiorse  at  a  full  gallop;  the  horses 
collided.     SmalTs  horse  was  killed  outright,  and  (rates' 


17<'  ^l  i: MILKMAN    Volume. 

died  shortly  afterward.  J^oth  riders  were  injured  and 
knocked  senseless.  Gates  recovered  consciousness  in 
thirty  minutes;  Sniiill  remained  in  a  comatose  condition 
for  several  hours.  The  former  was  only  slightly  injured  ; 
Small  was  seriously  hurt,  hut  finally  recovered. 


THANKS    OF    THE    CITY    COUNCIL    OF 
ANNAPOLIS. 


In  the  City  (Council  of  A.nnapolis,  on  March  12.  1894, 
on  motion  of  Oity  Counsellor  Riley,  it  was — 

Ordered,  That  the  thanks  of  the  City  Couucil  are  hei-eby  ten- 
dered to  Allan  McCullough,  Esq.,  Chief  Marshal,  Mr.  ,T.  S.  M. 
Basil,  Jr.,  First  Assistant  Marshal,  and  the  Assistant  ]\[arshals,  for 
the  faithful  performance  of  all  the  duties  assigned  them  in  the 
procession  of  March  oth.  Also,  to  all  the  organizations  that 
assisted  in  forming  the  line  of  the  procession,  and  to  our  citizens 
generally,  whose  hearty  co-operation  made  the  celebration 
exercises  a  marked  success. 


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